Gol Gumbaz, A Glorious Monument, which influenced two Colonial Buildings in Mumbai.

Commemorating International Day of Monuments and Sites - Gol Gumbaz, A Glorious Monument, which influenced two Colonial Modern Buildings in Mumbai.

Images - Courtesy Wiki Commons.

Every year 18th April is celebrated as the ‘International Day for Monuments and Sites’ with an objective of educating people about the significance of old monuments and sites. It was back in 1982, that UNESCO, during its 22nd General Conference held in Paris from 21-24 June, adopted a resolution to celebrate this day as the ‘International Day for Monuments and Sites’ and each year the international Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) proposes a theme for the commemoration of this day. This year - 2021, the theme is ‘Complex Pasts : Diverse Futures’.  Last year, to commemorate this day, I had posted a Blog on an extraordinary monument from the city of Bijapur ( now Vijaypura) - Ibrahim Roza, and this year my post is once again on another monument - Gol Gumbaj, from Bijapur, which is Internationally acclaimed. My choice for the Gol Gumbaz is because it’s design influenced two well known colonial buildings in Mumbai and also the fact that I spent seven years of my most important and unforgettable part of my early life - 1970-77, at the Sainik School Bijapur.

The city of Mumbai - where I presently live,  is resplendent with a mix of elegant past colonial buildings of the Bombay times with that of the modern day high rise buildings of present times that beautifully coexist to form the economic capital city of India - Mumbai. Two such buildings of the colonial times of Mumbai -  the General Post Office (GPO) and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS), formerly known as the Prince of Wales Museum, have been inspired and modelled on the famous Gol Gumbaz  monument of Vijayapura in Karnataka, a city with which I have a major tryst with my destiny and therefore this city is very close to my heart.  I spent seven years of my most important and unforgettable part of my early life - 1970-77, at the Sainik School Bijapur, a residential school that is part of a chain of Sainik Schools across India, which was established during the early sixties.

The GPO, modelled on the famous Gol Gumbaz, was designed by the British architect John Begg in 1902. The historians and experts of colonial era architecture say that ‘GPO is among the few structures built in Mumbai with black Kurla basalt stone with a dressing of Malad yellow and white Dhrangdra stones’ which owes its design to the Gol Gumbaz. Similarly the CSMVS building, designed by George Wittel and completed in 1914 and opened in 1922, was also inspired and modelled on the designs of Gol Gumbaz. The CSMVS and its majestic dome built on the Indo-Saracenic architecture style, a synthesis of Muslim designs and Indian materials, dominates the south Mumbai skyline. Therefore, the Gol Gumbaj has a connect with Mumbai. 

Gol Gumbaz is the crown monument among a multitude of several other famed monuments and places of historical significance that are home to the city of Bijapur, which include among others ; the Ibrahim Roza, about which I wrote last year, Upli Burz, Bara Kaman, Mulik I Miadan, Hardar Burz, Taj Bauri, Asar Mahal, Jama Masjid etc. Therefore, Gol Gumbaz and the city of Bijapur are inextricably linked to each other and are hyphenated with each other and a visit to Gol Gumbaz is mandated for every tourist who visits the city. It was built as a mausoleum for the king and is famous for its large dome and an unique whispering gallery inside this dome provides its own trademark aesthetics to the monument. The people in the city believe that Gol Gumbaz is arguably the second largest dome in the world, next only to the St. Peters Bascilica in Vatican City. 

A look at the majestic Gol Gumbaz will reveal to the beholder what a marvellous work of architectural genius it is. The massive dome of the Gol Gumbaz, with an ave inspiring whispering gallery, stands unsupported by any central pillars. Although the city of Vijaypura  has several monuments, each of which have their own remarkable features, the Gol Gumbaz stands out to attract thousands of tourists every year because of its massive sized dome. The city of Bijapur is embellished with quite a few remarkable monuments which were built during the rule of the Adil Shahis. Some of the notable structural, artistic and cultural features of these monuments in Bijapur include the large dome of the Gol Gumbaz, the glittering mehrab found in Jama Masjid, exceedingly delicate chiseling works witnessed in the Mehta Mahal, the exquisite wall paintings evidenced at the Asar Mahal, the great arches of Gagan Mahal and so also a gigantic half built Bara Kaman and lastly the extraordinary artistic embellishments found in the Ibrahim Rauza. In these monuments the Adil Shahi kings  have  left behind a legacy, which continues to be seen and appreciated even today, hundreds of years later.

The Sultanate of Bijapur, known in Bijapur as the Adil Shahi dynasty, ruled parts of southern India from the late 15th to the late 17th century (1490– 1686) with their capital in Bijapur. The Adil Shahi dynasty was founded by the Persian governor of Bijapur, Yusuf Adil Shah, who declared his independence from the declining Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan. Rulers of the Adil Shahi dynasty were great patrons of art and architecture, which is evidenced in the monuments which stand testimony to their patronage. The Adil Shahi kings could not hold on to their citadel when the Mughal ruler looked towards the south and expanded to the Deccan. Bijapur was no longer able to evade confrontation with the Mughals and finally fell to Aurangzeb. After the conquest of the city of Bijapur by Aurangzeb the importance of the city and so also the Adil Shahi kingdom began to loose its lustre and gradually faded from the collective memory of the people writing history and most unfortunately it is also not widely documented.

The history of the city of Bijapur, however, predates the Adil Shahi’s  and goes back to the Palaeolithic times the evidence of which is seen from the archaeological findings that show human settlements. However, the legendary founding of the city of Bijapur, which we know today,  started in the late tenth century (900s) under Tailapa II, who had been the Governor of the Rashtrakutas of Tardavadi. The Bijapur city was then destroyed by the invasion of the Paramara of Malwa, who declared his independence and went on to found the empire of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. It was during this period that the city came to be referred to as Vijayapura ("City of Victory").  By the late 13th century, the city had come under the influence of the Khilji Sultanate. In 1347, the area was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate of Gulbarga (now Kalaburgi) and the city was referred to as Vijapur, which later became Bijapur. In 1518, the Bahmani Sultanate split into five splinter states known as the Deccan sultanates, one of which was Bijapur that was ruled by the kings of the AdilShahi dynasty. The city of Bijapur owes much of its greatness to Yusuf Adil Shah, the founder of the independent Bijapur Sultanate. The rule of this dynasty ended in 1686, when the city was conquered by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. 

Among the monuments which stand testimony to the rule of the Adil Shahi kingdom, by far the largest and most conspicuous building in Bijapur is the mausoleum of Muhammad ( or Mahmud as he is sometimes called) Adil Shah I, which is famously known as the Gol Gumbaz. Like his illustrious father Ibrahim II, who had built the majestic Ibrahim Roza, Muhammad Adil Shah preferred to build his own legacy that he can leave behind. He envisaged that his legacy should be bigger than his fathers legacy. Therefore, as soon as he ascended the throne of the Adil Shahi kingdom, he prioritised his choices and ordered his people to built a mausoleum, which can be used as his own tomb. He envisaged that he will be able to complete his tomb before he died, unfortunately that did not happen. It is interesting to note that the successive kings of the Adil Shahi dynasty had some kind of competitive rivalry, and each monarch wished to leave a tomb or a mark of his own behind which would eclipse those of their predecessors, and leave no room for improvement to their successors. Each of them wished that their name could be singled out conspicuously from the other. To this effect, Muhammad Adil Shah certainly succeeded in building the Gol Gumbaz, which became a landmark beyond anything attempted before or after him. Although the Ibrahim Roza, built by the father of Mohammad Adil Shahi, Ibrahim II, is so extraordinary and majestic, yet the sheer size and magnitude of the Gol Gumbaz has some how managed to dwarf the Ibrahim Roza monument. Most of the people who are not so well versed with history will only remember Gol Gumbaz and the Ibrahim Roza monument has mostly become insignificant and is hardly known to people.

Credit must therefore be given to Mohammad Adil Shah and the architect and men who built the great Gol Gumbaz because surpassing the majestic Ibrahim Roza was no mean a task. The architects and builders had done their very best while constructing the Ibrahim Roza. Therefore, to surpass the Ibrahim Roza, the only thing left for Mohammed Adil Shah was to substitute quantity for quality. If he could not surpass the delicate chiselling and lacelike balustrades of the Ibrahim Rauza, he thought that at least he could build such a tomb as would, by its immense size, dwarf the Ibrahim Roza and every other building in the city. Thus was built the Gol Gumbaz, a tomb which would arrest the eye from every quarter for miles around, and carry with it the name of Muhammad, the great Sultan Muhammad of Adil Shahi into the annals of history. 

The Gol Gumbaz has perhaps derived its name from ‘Gol Gummata’ - from the local Kannada language, meaning ‘circular dome’., which is built in the Deccan style of architecture. The tomb is a giant cube on top of which houses a very large hemispherical dome. Each storey of this massive structure has seven arched windows each of which are crowned by smaller domes. The main hemispherical dome, which forms the genesis of the Gol Gumbaz structure,  is an acoustic wonder and serves as a whispering gallery that can echo the faintest of whispers many times. The diameter of the dome is less than the breadth of the building. A winding staircase ascends in each of the corners of the building, which ultimately leads to the flat roof on top between the corners and the dome. There are passages, which lead from the roof, through the thickness of the dome into the whispering gallery that forms an interior of the large dome.

Gol Gumbaz was constructed by Mohammad Adil Shah during his reign 1626 to 1656. While there is no certainty as to who the designer of this structure was ( some historians say it was one Mr. Gopal) but it certain that the architect for this monument was Yaqut of Dabul. As the name of the structure suggests, the monument is a Circular dome constructed with dark grey basalt and decorated plaster, the plain exterior of Gol Gumbaz is beautiful in its stark simplicity. The main structure of the monument is in the form of of a cube with each side measuring some 47.5 meters (156 ft) on each side, and it is capped by a dome which is about 44 m (144 ft) in external diameter. There are eight intersecting arches, which are  created by two rotated squares which provide an interlocking structural support for the large dome. At each of the four corners of the cube there is a dome-capped octagonal tower, which is seven stories high with a staircase inside. The upper floor of each of these corners opens on to a round open gallery which surrounds the dome. 

The dome is practically a hemisphere of about 38 metres (124  feet and 5 inches) interior diameter. The thickness of the dome is 10 feet at the base and it is 9 feet at the crown top of the dome. Thus the total external diameter of the Gol Gumbaz Dome at its base is approximately 44 metres (145 feet). The curves of the surface of the hemispherical dome are not absolutely perfect and therefore the measurements taken across different diameters of the dome vary by several inches. Notwithstanding  the same, one can safely arrive at an area of the dome which is in excess of 1670 square metres (18,025 sq. ft). When we compare these measurements of the Gol Gumbaz and compare it with other monuments of the world, we can say that Gol Gumbaz can be considered as the second largest space covered by a single dome in the world, the next largest being that of the Pantheon at Rome which measures 15,833 sq. ft. The total exterior height of the Gol Gumbaz building above the platform on which it stands is about 60 metres tall (198 feet and 6 inches) exclusive of the wooden pole at the top, which measured some 8 feet thus the total height of the building measures some 62 metres tall (206 ft. 6 in). The interior height from the level of the floor around the tomb platform to the top of the dome is 54 metres (178 ft). The drop from the gallery to the floor below is about 33 metres (109 ft. 6 in.). 

The most popular feature of the monument, which attracts visitors is the loud echoes that fill the whisper gallery inside the dome. Just a thumping of the feet is enough to create a impactful echo which can resemble the tread of a regiment. When the whispering gallery is filled with children one can listen to a range of sounds and strange and uncanny noises, which fill the gallery to the bemusement of the visitors. Another feature of the inner dome is the specialities of its acoustics, which amplify the slightest whisper from one part of the dome so that it can be heard by the friend standing on the other side of the dome at a considerable distance. The guides will brief the visitors that one can easily start a conversation which can be most easily carried on across the full diameter of the dome in the lowest undertone, when not many visitors are around. One common site at the inner dome is the scene of visitors clapping their hands, which gets echoed over ten times distinctly. 

Although the whispering gallery appears to be the main attraction of the visitors one can say with some certainty that the architect of Gol Gumbaz perhaps did not  have in mind the production of a good echo, when he designed and constructed the dome. After all the Gol Gumbaz dome is no more than a duplicate of many domes that are seen in Bijapur. The only difference however is that it is much larger in scale. It therefore appears that the echoes which now form the main attraction to the visitors was actually not planned for but has been purely a natural result of the large size of the dome. When one looks at the domes and analyses them from acoustics point, we can understand that the smaller domes will produce what is called resonance, primarily because their diameters are not sufficient enough to produce a distinct echo. For a distinctive echo to be produced, the distance between a person and the reflecting surface must be higher than at-least 22 metres (66 feet) so that the sound on return may reach the ear immediately upon the dying out of the original sound so that it can create the impression of a second sound — an echo. If a greater distance intervenes, the echo is more distinct as more time separates the original sound from the reflected sound. If the distance is less, no distinct echo results, as the original and reflected sounds overlap and produce a confused sound or a resonance. 

The Sultan - Muhammad Adil Shah, who painstakingly conceived an idea to build this majestic monument, is buried inside this mausoleum hall, which is a square podium with steps on each side. In the middle of the podium, a cenotaph slab on the ground marks the actual grave below. In all there are five graves in the mausoleum hall and they are ; Muhammad Adil Shah, his youngest wife Arus Bibi, a daughter, a grandson, and his favourite mistress, Rambha. To distinguish the Sultan from others, a wooden baldachin is placed over the Sultan’s cenotaph. The actual graves however are buried underground.

The beauty and technical elegance of this building can be seen and appreciated from the words of James Ferguson. In the History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, he explains the technical wizardry involved in building Gol Gumba; “The most ingenuous and novel part of the construction of this dome is the mode in which its lateral or outward thrust is counteracted. This was accomplished by forming the pendentives so that they not only cut off the angles but that their arches intersect one another and form a very considerable mass of masonry perfectly stable in itself: and, by its weight acting inwards counteracting any thrust that can possibly be brought to bear upon it by the pressure of the dome. If the whole edifice thus balanced has any tendency to move, it is to fall inwards, which from its circular form is impossible: while the action of the weight of the pendentives being in the opposite direction to that of the dome, it acts like a tie, and keeps the whole in equilibrium, without interfering at all with the dome.”

The majesty of the monument can be felt when one looks around the roof of the tomb. It provides a most extensive view of the whole city and one can see the Jama Masjid,  Mustafa Khan’s mosque, the Asar Mahal with its great open front, and the many buildings in the citadel, most prominent among which is the Anand Mahal. One can also sight the domes and minars of the famous Ibrahim Rauza. There is a large boldly cut Persian inscriptions, from which one can understand that the Sultan Mohammad Adil Shah died in 1656 (A. H. 1067). The inscriptions in Persian read : “The end of Muhammad has become laudable.” “Muhammad Sultan whose abode is in paradise.” “The abode of peace became Muhammad Shah.”

On the occasion of this years ‘International Day for Monuments and Sites’, with a theme “Complex Pasts : Diverse Future”,  I earnestly hope that the city of Bijapur and the majestic monument - Gol Gumbaz, will be more prominently visible on the tourists map of India and hopefully it will be visited by more and more tourists - not just Indians but foreign tourists as well. On this occasion let us remind ourselves of how blessed we are to have such a rich heritage that is resplendent with innumerable temples, mosques, churches, monuments and other archeological sites, which are spread all across our vast country. It is our bounded duty to cherish them and help the authorities concerned in maintaining and preserving the temples, archeological sites and monuments for posterity. 

Jai Hind.

13th April, The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre & the Savagery of the beast - General, Reginald Dyer

Certain incidents from the annals of history, remain etched in the collective memory of nations and one such event for India is the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the savagery perpetrated by the British General, Brigadier General, Reginald Dyer, on the 13th of April, 1919. Dyer, the newly appointed British General, marched along with his chosen soldiers, Gurkhas and Baluchis, to the Jallianwala Bagh on that day, and without any warning ordered his men to fire on the unarmed crowd some 20,000 of them - peasants from nearby villages who had come for the cattle fair, domestic workers, craftsmen, artisans and young boys - who had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh grounds to celebrate Baisakhi, the harvest festival season celebrated with great fervour across Punjab. The unprovoked firing continued for more than 10 minutes and 1650 rounds were fired during this dastardly inhuman act. As per the official records of the British, 379 people were shot dead and some 1200 wounded. But as per the the Indian Congress Enquiry Committee report, nearly 2,000 people were either killed or seriously wounded and mimed for life. General Dyer left the Jallianwala Bagh site leaving behind a pool of blood of Indians and a history which continues to haunt us.

The criminality of the massacre of innocent lives by General Dyer can only be mirrored in such other equally heinous crimes that were committed at the Auschwitz by the Nazis during the WW II and perhaps to the more recent Tiananmen Square, China, in 1989. The Jallianwala Bagh quintessentially symbolises crime against humanity and this incident should have placed General Reginald Dyer in the infamous company of villains of World Wars, but most unfortunately that has not happened and justice has permanently been denied to the victims of General Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial now stands testimony to the atrocities committed by the Britishers in general and General Dyer in particular to the Indians and will continue to remind us of the martyrs who were brutally and mercilessly gunned down at this historic site.

On the centenary of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre - 13, April, 2019, the Parliament (both Rajya Sabha and Loksabha) had discussed with passion, the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial (Amendment) Bill 2019 and unanimously passed bill. Participating in the debate, leaders, cutting across party lines, paid rich tributes to the Jallianwala Bagh martyrs - innocent lives including women and children. One of the significant point, which came to light during this parliament debate was the extraordinary solidarity that  Nobelist, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore had lent to the martyrs of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian and Asian to have  received the prestigious Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 and he was also knighted by the British in 1915. When Tagore received the tragic news of the loss of tens of hundreds of innocent lives at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he was deeply pained and expressed his solidarity with his countrymen. In one of his writings, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, famous Indian scientist, statistician and a fellow Bengali of Tagore, has said that Tagore tried his best to move towards Punjab to be with the people who had faced the worst of brutality at the hands of General Dyer. He further added that Tagore had also sent a message to Mahatma Gandhi ji  suggesting that both of them together should travel to Delhi and from there to Punjab to show solidarity with the people of Punjab. But then Gandhi ji was not in favour of Gurudev’s idea, which he feared may lead to further violence in Punjab, which was already very tense. Therefore Tagore, agonised by the unprecedented Jallianwala Bagh massacre, decided to denounce his knighthood as a mark of his protest against the British brutality perpetrated against his countrymen. Tagore denounced his knighthood with a repudiation letter that he wrote to the Viceroy Lord Chelmsford, dated May 30, 1919.

Part of this historic letter reads “The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part, wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings. ..  And these are the reasons, which have compelled me to ask Your Excellency, with due reference and regret, to relieve me of my title of knighthood, which I had the honour to accept from His Majesty the King at the hands of your predecessor, for whose nobleness of heart,  I still entertain great admiration”. 

Incidentally to commemorate the centenary of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, an interesting exhibition was organised in Kolkata. The exhibition ‘Ways of Remembering Jallianwala Bagh & Rabindranath Tagore’s Response to the Massacre’, was quite unique because of its distinctive connect and linkage to Punjab and Bengal, the two major states, which were central to the freedom struggle. More over, this was the first time ever that the Victoria Memorial Hall (VMH), a symbol of British Colonial Raj in India, in almost its hundred years of existence, was hosting an exhibition to commemorate the centenary of Jallianwala Bagh. This unique exhibition, curated by Ms. Dutta Gupta, included historic and archival information on not just what happened on that fateful day - April 13, 1919 - but it also placed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in context. One of the significant object on display at the exhibition was the letter, which Tagore wrote to Viceroy Chelmsford, while denouncing his knighthood. Tagore continued his efforts in highlighting the atrocities committed at Jallianwala Bagh till this matter was taken up and discussed in the British Parliament.

There are two different accounts of the human casualties that happened at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The British account puts the dead at some 379 people with an additional 1200 wounded, while the Indian account, which  is based on the Congress Enquiry Committee report, puts the number of deaths in excess of 1000 and nearly 2,000 others grievously wounded. The actual or perhaps realistic number of casualties in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre can be seen in the recently republished 1969 classic book ‘Jallianwala Bagh’, by Mr V.N. Datta, which comes with a preface by his daughter and distinguished historian, Nonica Datta. Mr Datta puts the number of deaths to around 700 people. This data is based on his well researched material.

The barbarian Jallianwala Bagh massacre became a symbol and a metaphor for racial brutality and inhumanity and this event fundamentally changed the coarse and direction of India’s freedom struggle with Gandhi ji taking centre stage of this movement. Gandhi ji, who, until this savage incident, believed that the larger good of the people of India was to cooperate with the colonial government, soon after this indescribable cruelty and inhumanity - almost unparalleled in modern times, changed his motto from cooperation to non cooperation. This incident paved the way for Gandhi ji’s famous ‘satyagrah’ - noncooperation movement against the tyrannical rulers and that too following his dharma of ahimsa - non violence. Jallianwala Bagh was an important turning point in the Indo-England relations, which completely destroyed whatever little faith that Indians had in the British rulers. Alongside Gandhi’s non-violent struggle, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre resulted in the emergence of a movement of political resistance in Punjab that also led to the emergence of revolutionaries like the legendary Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh. 

Gandhi ji called Dyer, ‘the chief perpetrator of the Jallianwala Bagh, blood thirsty and warned people against ‘Dyerism’. Yet Gandhi ji asked the ‘Jallianwala Bagh Congress Inquiry Committee’ not to prosecute him. Most tragically, the apostle of peace that Gandhi ji was, Gandhi ji kind of a pardoned Dyer’s unpardonable sin. This was one of the reasons why Dyer got away with almost no punishment after a kangaroo type trial, which was conducted by the British that was quite farcical to say the least. The Jallianwala Bagh outrage provided a new momentum to the renewed Indian national movement and it helped in inspiring a variety of national leaders and freedom fighters to unitedly fight for the cause of the liberty and independence for Mother India. Gandhi ji who had pledged his support and cooperation to the British during First World War, became a non co-operator. 

To understand the reasons that ultimately led to the dastardly act of Jallianwala Bagh massacre, it is necessary to go back to the World War 1 period. Gandhi ji had pledged his support to the British during the WW I with a belief that the British will reward India with Independence post the war, which did not happen. The people of Punjab were incensed by the backtracking of the promise made by the British to the Indian National Congress and other leaders of the Indian Independence movement, to accord Dominion Status to India, involving some amount of self-governance. In return, the British had sought India’s support in fighting World War I. While Indians including the Mahatma and particularly the Punjabis  and Sikhs, uncompromisingly supported the British in their War and so also made payment of millions of pounds in taxes, and provided food grains, arms and ammunition for the British Army to fight the War and so also the sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of Punjabi men during the war, what they expected post the WW1 was a promise of self rule. But after the War the British reneged on their promise, which resulted in some violent and more peaceful protests across nations including the one at the Jallianwala Bagh.

The World War I, had cost India dearly in men and materials. The WW I had also resulted in rising prices of essential goods, new taxes. Adding to this misery the British had introduced harsh recruitment policies, which had added to the tribulations of famines, failing harvests and plague outbreaks that followed. In all this, Punjab was the hardest hit: with just one-thirteenth of the country’s population, Punjab had contributed 60% of the recruits for the British army. During this turbulent times, Punjab was ruled by the Lieutenant Governor, Sir Michael O’Dwyer ( later assassinated by Udham Singh in 1940). O’Dwyer, an arch-imperialist, ruled the Punjab province with an iron hand for six years, stifling all dissent and opposition. This was also the time when the infamous Rowlatt Act was introduced by the British. The iniquitous Rowlatt Act became a spark thrown on the tinderbox, which Punjab and India had turned into. There were agitations across the country against this Act and the strikes in Punjab were most prominent among all the strikes in India. To add further fuel to the fire O’Dwyer had ordered deportation, on April 10, 1919, of the two most popular leaders of Punjab - Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. This became a flash point that resulted in direct clashes between the people of Punjab and the British authorities. During the ensuing violence, five Europeans and about 20 Indians were killed and one of the British missionary, Marcella Sherwood, was assaulted. All these incidents had set the stage for the arrival of Brigadier General, Dyer and the events that unfolded at Jallianwala Bagh.

General Dyer was incensed by the incidents that happened on the 10th April, which included the killing of 5 Europeans and a brutal attack on the British missionary - Marcella Sherwood. It is believed that his action was triggered by feelings of revenge shaped by a visceral racial hostility towards the people of Punjab, particularly those from the city of Amritsar. Above all Dyer has stated that he feared a mutiny-like situation, a repeat of 1857. Moreover, General Dyer was informed by Miles Irving, the deputy commissioner of Amritsar, that the civil control of the city was almost at an end. In one of his deposition to the enquiry committee commissioned to enquire into the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Dyer said that he feared that the city had been seized by the people of Amritsar and that it was his duty to recapture it from a hostile population of 1,60,000 people. With all these arguments, Dyer was successful is justifying his unjustifiable acts of the massacre, which he perpetrated on the innocent people on that black day - 13th April 1919. 

While the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy cannot be reversed, an unconditional apology from the British government, which was long overdue, could have demonstrated their remorse for this dastardly act. But most unfortunately even that has not happened till day - 102 years later. The British Government, true to their tyrannical past refused to render any apology, let alone compensate through reparation begging atonement for their inexcusable crime. Contrary to their condemnable behaviour, we Indians, true to our culture and philosophy of ahimsa, have moved on and have not even asked for an official apology not to talk of any reparation - the articulations for which was so exemplarily adduced by Dr. Shashi Tharoor in a debate before the August gathering at the Oxford, which subsequently led to his writing his famous book - The Inglorious Empire : What the British did to India, published by Penguin. 

The cruelty and inhuman act of Jallianwala Bagh massacre ensured that Amritsar became India, an India that was outraged, bloodied and the ensuing trauma was so deep as to have altered the very composition of India’s political psyche. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre became a symbol of the tyrannical rule by the British that changed the political history of our country and accentuated the way forward for our focussed and sustained freedom struggle. On the occasion of the 102nd anniversary of this dastardly act - an unpardonable tragedy of humongous proportions, it is pertinent to question the British on what authority did they have to impose their so called higher ideas of morality. The 102 years post the Jallianwala Bagh has been a long time in the Indian political history and from being a subservient nation to the colonial masters, we have come a long way. And in this long journey India has witnessed moments of great happiness of our independence, the trauma of partition, growing from utter hunger to self-sufficiency in food, achieving an incredible success in the field of IT, education, Space and Atomic energy and so also the improvement in the overall socio economic conditions of our citizens. Notwithstanding the Covid pandemic, which is now at its peak of the second wave, India has made substantial progress and all these of these developments have tried to erase the trauma of the Jallianwala Bagh, which continues to remain etched as a permanent scar in our collective memory. 

Although more than 100 years have passed since the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, it is necessary that we perpetuate this information to the young generation, in whose minds this memory is gradually fading into the sepia of fading memory. The Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial hopefully will ensure that we as a nation don’t forget this incident.  On the occasion of the 102nd year of the Jallianwala Bagh, let us all join hands in praying for all those martyrs who sacrificed their life for the freedom of our country and pledge that we remain united as one nation, whose foundations were built on the sacrifice of innumerable martyrs.

Images - courtesy Wiki Commons and Alamy and Amazon. 

Jai Hind. 

Innovative ways to harvest technology to connect emotionally with our audience - An idea. 

For all those who were born on this day - 10th April, imagine how you will feel when you suddenly receive a very birthday greeting card from the Nehru Science Centre. Yes that would have happened had any one of you enrolled in the online workshops that we have organised and filled up the form with your date of birth and also your email. Incidentally this day, 10th April,  happens  to be the birthday of Tanishka, one of our audience, who participated in the workshops that we have conducted online and filled up the database. Today we have sent her a special birthday greetings on her email. Alongside our birth day wishes, we have also informed her that she shares her birthday with a great scientists - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, who too was born on this date 10th April, 1887. He was the co recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947.

Last year when the lockdown was imposed and our centre remained closed to the visitors I had this idea of connecting emotionally with our audience digitally. Accordingly I assigned a job to some of our staff to research and create a database of all top level scientists, specifically the Nobel Prize winning scientists in science subjects,  and so also other well known scientists and other notable leaders from different fields in India. The main consideration in this database is to record them based on their dates of birth and also to record a small write up on their achievements. This work is an ongoing work and the date base is dynamic. Our main aim was to ensure that every single date of the year from 1st Jan to 31st December - 366 days in, all we must have at least one or may be more of the names of renowned scientists who are born on these days. Fortunately my colleagues have worked hard to complete this database and we now have a fairly rich data base of scientists, which means on any given date we have a name or two of scientists who are born on that date. 

In the meantime I had also asked my colleagues to keep expanding our visitor database and one of the fields in the database is the date of birth of the visitors. As can be seen from our social media and other platforms we have organised innumerable online programmes and activities and every activity has further increased our database of our visitors/ audience. We now have a database in excess of 20000 of our audience who have shared their dates of births with us. We had informed them that we are seeking their date of births, which will be maintained in strict confidence with us, so that the science centre could send them birthday greetings. I am not sure how many people believed that we would really be sending them birthday greetings but fortunately many of the students and other audience have shared their dates of birth and they will now be receiving a special birthday greeting card from our centre on their birthday.

Harvesting the two databases - the data base of the scientists and the database of our audience, we have now worked out an innovative method of wishing our audience by sending special birth day greetings by email. Two of our enthusiastic education staff believing in my idea have worked very hard for this and the result is something, which they are majorly enjoying and I can even see a sense of self actualisation on their faces. What we have done is to create a template of a birthday greeting card and the software and programming so developed picks up from the database of our audience the birthday boys and girls and send them a birthday greeting from the Nehru Science Centre, reminding them that they must feel proud that they share their respective dates of birth with the Nobel Laureate scientist/s. The feedback that my colleagues have received from the birthday boys and girls is so very inspiring and satisfying. My idea which started with some naysayers feeling I am unnecessarily giving some extra work to the staff, has in fact become the work, which they are thoroughly enjoying and I can even see a sense of great satisfaction among my staff. Our audience who are receiving such birthday cards from our centre are overwhelmed and their thanks messages are so very motivational that our staff are working that much harder to keep increasing the database of our visitors and so also the scientists so that even while we are physically closed we remain emotionally connected with our audience. 

This idea can be replicated by most public service organisations to connect emotionally with their audience and customers. 

I wish to thank my colleagues Sheetal, Rajesh,  Puliwar and some other interns and trainee boys and girls who were engaged in researching and preparing this vast database of scientists and our audience. 

 Covid Catches up with Sachin Tendulkar : Prayers for his speedy recovery. 

One year and counting, yet COVID continues to take centre stage and hog major headlines, particularly in the city of Mumbai and Maharashtra that are in the grip of a second wave of the SARS-COV2 virus which has not spared even the God of cricket in India - Sachin Tendulkar. A glimpse at the latest Covid numbers in India, particularly in Mumbai and Maharashtra provide a sordid tale. The active Covid cases in India have risen sharply in March this year and now stand at 6,58,909 as of today, with an increase of 44,213 in just one day. Yesterday, India accounted for an increase of 88,415 with 44202 recoveries and 714 deaths. The death toll now stands at 1,64,110. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Mr Uddhav Thackeray, in his televised address has emphasised the seriousness of the issue and has appealed to the citizens of Mumbai and Maharashtra to follow Covid safety measures to avoid repeat of the lockdown. The silver lining however has been an exponential increase in the number of people taking the vaccine. Just yesterday 30,93,795 people have taken the Covid vaccine with Maharashtra leading the way and the over all number of vaccinations in India now stand at an impressive 7,30,54,295. The mantra for Covid control continues to be prevention using mask, physical distancing, hygiene and sanitisation, whose importance has been stressed unendingly by all concerned. 

Cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar, who tested positive for Covid-19 last week, has now been admitted to hospital. Tendulkar tweeted on Friday ;  “Thank you for your wishes and prayers. As a matter of abundant precaution under medical advice, I have been hospitalised. I hope to be back home in a few days. Take care and stay safe everyone”. The news of his admission into the hospital has sent shock waves among his well wishers with millions praying for his speedy recovery and wishing him well. I am one among those cricket fans for whom Sachin continues to be a legend and I join them all in wishing him a speedy recovery. Through this blogpost, I am not only praying for his speedy recovery but also wish to pay my tribute to the ‘God of cricket’. I am reminded of two Cricket Connect exhibitions, which I had the honour to curate in which I had included a section each on Sachin. For the Australian Cricket exhibition, this section was featured under the title ‘ The God ( Sachin Tendulkar) and the God’s God (Don Bradman)’ and for the England Cricket exhibition, it was featured under the title  ‘ The Almighty Bat’. I was also fortunate to host another interesting art exhibition ‘ Deconstructed Innings - A Tribute to Sachin Tendulkar’ at the NGMA Mumbai, in 2016, while I was holding the additional charge of NGMA. Sachin Tendulkar with his entire family in attendance came for the opening of this exhibition and he gifted a signed bat, which has been preserved at NGMA, Mumbai. The current Chief Minister of Maharashtra - Shri Uddhav Thackeray ji, had also visited this exhibition and I had the honour to walk him through this exhibition. 

Sachin Tendulkar, a spectacularly talented prodigy, is more than a mere cricketer for Indians. He has carried the hopes and aspirations of one billion plus Indian cricket fans for all of 23 long years that he played the game. Sachin's unparalleled achievements and his simplicity and humility have led to his fans placing him on a reverential pedestal. Many of Sachin's fans have come dangerously close to believing that Tendulkar is God. Certainly much of Tendulkar's batting seemed like a Gods gift from above. But the impression short-changes him, for no one has worked harder than Sachin to hone that legendary batting talent, which he is associated with. Sachin, who is a devout Hindu, does not like his fans calling him God. In one of his interactions with his adoring fans, he said  "he is not a god as he makes mistakes and gods do not", but that had little impact on many of his fans. Every 'God' has a share of non-believers. The great Sachin too had some. Some critics started writing his cricketing obituary when he was past 35. He bounced back and proved his critics - who had coined a new phrase 'End'ulkar, to signal the end of Tendulkar - wrong. At the age of 37, he had his most fertile year (2010); scoring more than 1500 Test runs and in the process he achieved a feat not witnessed in cricketing history. 

Sachin has to his credit an unprecedented record of scoring 100 hundreds in international matches, playing in a record 200 Tests. He continues to be the highest scorer in both Tests and ODI and he holds several other records, which are hard to conquer. Sachin had to wait for a long time to get to his 100th hundred. He says “When I got to my 100th international century, I was not jumping or celebrating. My first question to God was ; why did it take so long? What did I do wrong? With a billion plus people waiting for this, it shouldn't have taken so long”. Sachin played 664 international matches in 24 years. It means around 27.67 matches per year, and yet he maintained an average of approximately 44 and 54 in ODIs and Tests respectively. Although the average is less than Bradman's, the matches are way higher. His consistency, keeping in mind his longevity in the game, the varying opponents and conditions, is probably the best at the international stage and therefore it is no wonder that he commands so much love and affection from his fans.

The veneration that Sachin receives from his fans not just in India, but globally, was beautifully captured and portrayed in one of the art works that was displayed at the ‘Deconstructed Innings’ exhibition at NGMA Mumbai, under the title “Arrival of a Cricket God” by Manjunath Kamath. The artist essayed the birth of Sachin as an auspicious occasion where little Sachin is blessed by mythical godly figures. The artist said he drew his inspiration from Indian Calendar Art, popular culture, and epics to celebrate the legendary stature of Sachin Tendulkar to present a visual imagery, which includes metaphoric mythical elements that is juxtaposed with the childhood image of Sachin's arrival at the centre. There is a book titled “If Cricket is Religion, Sachin is God” written by Vijay Santhanam and S B Subramanyam, which also juxtaposes the position of Cricket and Sachin for Indians. It is therefore no wonder that when Sachin tweeted about his hospitalisation, his fans in millions stood by him wishing and praying for him. 

When Sachin was playing cricket, more More often than not, India's chances for success rested on his shoulders. Entire stadiums erupted at the very sight of seeing the little master walk out to the wicket from the pavilion and the very crowd entered into a deadly silence, and often emptying the stands, when the bowler got the better of Sachin. Sachin was born in Mumbai, one of the prime cities having a very rich cricket history. In a work titled “The City of Dreams” exhibited at the National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai the artist, Remen Chopra presented a sculptural representation of Sachin's Cricket career in a skyline of his city of dreams that is symbolic of his unprecedented skyline scores and achievements on the cricket field. 

In the history of Indian Cricket, no one has had a following bigger than Sachin – more than a billion. Cricket Fans all across the globe continue to keep the spirit of Sachin alive long after he has laid his bat to rest. He has connected Indians to cricket and to his own play, more than anyone else. His performance used to be the reason for whole country's happiness or sadness. Harsha Bhogle, an erudite and highly respected commentator, once said "India sleeps well when Sachin plays well". The crazy and unsportsmanly attitude of the crowd at the Eden Garden during the semi final world cup match against Sri Lanka after Sachin was out, stands testimony to the dependence of the cricket fans on Sachin. Many of Sachin's fans have come dangerously close to believing that Tendulkar is God. It is therefore no wonder that the he was conferred with the highest civilian honours - Bharat Ratna. Sachin Tendulkar at 40,  is the youngest ever and the first sportsman to receive the coveted Bharat Ratna, which was conferred by the then President of India, Pranab Mukherjee.

Among his innumerable fans one man, Mr Sudhir Chaudhary, from Odisha is conspicuous. He is seen with his whole body painted with the colours of the national flag and at the bottom are three words: 'the god of cricket'. Like a true disciple he has followed Tendulkar wherever he has gone. Likewise there are several other diehard fans of Sachin who are equally passionate about their idol  who continue to keep the spirit of Sachin alive. The exhibition “Deconstructed Innings” at the NGMA was actually an outcome of the reverence that Indians have for their idol.

At the World Cups, Sachin has been more prolific than anywhere else, his total tally at WCs (2278 Runs) is 30.6% higher than his closest and arch rival Ricky Ponting (1743 runs). And if you think he has played more, you are wrong. He has played 1 match less than Ponting in WCs. He has also hit 6 centuries and 21 half tons. Sachin's achievements can best be summarised in the words of Ponting who wrote in his forward for a book titled ‘Tendulkar in Wisden: An Anthology’, “For me, he's the greatest batsman after Don Bradman. While I hold Brian Lara in high regard because of his match winning ability, I don't think any batsman can achieve more out of the game than Sachin has". 

As Covid numbers continue to raise in India with a growth rate of 6.8 per cent in March 2021 which has surpassed the previous record of 5.5 per cent in June 2020, it is time for all of us to extend an unprecedented cooperation to all the Covid warriors and local administration and ensure that we not only follow all the Covid protocols but we must also help others in adhering to these mandated protocols to win over Covi pandemic so that no one including our hero Sachin Tendulkar will ever be effected with this Pandemic.

Once again wishing Sachin and all others who have been affected by Covid 19 and are in hospital recouping from this dreaded disease a speedy recovery. 

 Science Museum Metro Station - A Immemorial Visit.

One endearing image of the city of Mumbai, these days, is an unprecedented level of infrastructure construction work going on across the city including the works for the Mumbai Metro. Notwithstanding the Covid pandemic, which has rampaged the city of Mumbai and brought down the pace of these works, the Mumbai Metro construction work has once again picked up pace and continuing unabated. One of the major construction site of the Mumbai Metro is right opposite our science centre where a Science Museum station is coming up in  the Metro-3 corridor. The Mumbai Metro Line 3 is one of the most challenging engineering works for the Metro construction in Mumbai since this corridor is fully underground and it connects south Mumbai to the city’s western suburbs. It therefore was a privilege and honour for me to visit the Science Museum metro construction site yesterday and see first hand the tunnel boring machine live in action. The Line 3 metro is the first underground metro line for Mumbai, which is taking  metro services to the very tip of the Mumbai peninsula at Cuffe Parade. All the other public rail services including the metro services in the city are either at grade or elevated.

The Aqua Line ( Line 3) Metro spans a distance of 33.5 kilometres and will have 27 stations, including the Science Museum station -  just opposite our science centre, in its route. When completed, some time next year end, the Metro Line 3 will connect Cuffe Parade to Marol Naka passing through some of the most crowded areas including Worli. The Nehru Science Centre will be one of the major beneficiaries of this metro line and we earnestly hope that visitors to our science centre will improve substantially courtesy the connectivity that the Metro line 3 will provide for our visitors. For creating an awareness on the engineering marvels that this metro construction incorporates, we had organised an exhibition of the Mumbai Metro 3 at our Centre, which was opened by the then head of the Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation (MMRC), Ms. Ashwini Bhide on the Technology Day - 11th May, in 2018. Nearly three years later the pace at which the metro construction work has progressed is mind boggling, although there has been some delay due to the setback faced because of the Covid pandemic.

For quite sometime I was contemplating in visiting the Science Museum Metro construction site, which unfortunately had not happened until yesterday when the authorities of MMRC facilitated my visit to the site along with two of my colleague Engineer curators from our Centre. Mr Rohit, from the MMRC, incharge of the Science Museum metro station site, along with his other team of engineers, who have been tasked with this monumental work, offered us a guided visit to the underground works. The very site of the TBM piercing through the rocky area, 25 metres below the surface, to create the path for the metro line going southward’s towards Mahalaxmi station, with all those engineering paraphernalia with extraordinary safety protocols that are warranted in such projects, was a sight that will remain etched in my memory for years to come. Meandering through the massive construction site within the specially created movement path, we journeyed 25 metres below and walked more than a kilometre to see the construction and the tunnel boring works in action. Slightly more than half a kilogram of safety kit, which we were mandated to carry, was one of the prerequisite material which we had to carry alongside sporting the special shoes, helmet and jacket which were provided to us by the MMRC team. We walked through tonnes and tonnes of steel and other concrete materials with girders and unending metallic pipelines and very heavy duty motors and pumps, which were running full throttle to carry the caved in materials from the rocky areas to create the path for the Metro. Unfortunately, due to security measures, we could not photo document this fascinating site and journey of ours which we undertook towards that historic 1118m up-line tunnel towards Mahalaxmi, which is currently in progress. We were accompanied by Mr Rohit from MMRC and other engineers from Dogus-Soma JV, who have recommissioned their second tunnel boring machine (TBM) 1239 for connecting end of the Science Museum Station site towards Mahalaxmi Station. This 6.65m Robbins slurry machine, the TBM, nicknamed Tansa 2, had earlier been used for connecting Science Museum station to Worli Station in March 2020.  The Tansa 2 TBM uses a cutter head and shields, which  weigh 480 MT. The very sight of the transportation of this giant TBM on road some time in August last year was quite historic and this transportation coincidentally was carried out by the same agency and the gentleman who had transported our Electric Locomotive from Sion station to our campus in Worli in November 1979. We walked all the way to the TBM machine, interacted with the technicians and engineers and tried quenching our thirst for understanding some basics of the monumental engineering challenges that engineers are facing while executing such mammoth engineering works. 

This experience of walking through the construction site completely flooded with heavy engineering machines and instrumentation panels etc. with a range of safety sensors and feedback instrumentation interfaced to the computers in the main TBM control room, which was being operated by the skilled technician, appeared more like a cockpit of the aeroplane fitted with a range of instrumentation panels. The TBM operators who work in two shifts of 12 hours each in those trying circumstances manage to bore some 20 metres or so per day. We were informed that the place we were standing and interacting with the engineer and operator of the TBM was below the western suburban line below the Mahalaxmi station and that those unending movement of the trains is one of the many challenges, which the engineers and designers have kept in mind while designing and executing the project with all the redundancy and other safety engineering measures put in place while engineering this project. Engineers are a set of those unsung and nameless heroes and heroines who work silently and tirelessly behind the scene to create extraordinary comforts for humankind, applying the scientific knowledge to create engineering marvels that benefit society. The extraordinary role played by the unsung heroes - engineers, who apply their minds to engineer solutions to problems has been very well documented with some great examples by one of my young US based friend, Mr Guru Madhavan in his book ‘Applied Minds’. Incidentally he delivered a lecture on this subject at our Centre in 2019.

This book - Applied Minds,  is an engineer's delight since it provides a plethora of examples of how engineers apply their problem solving minds to analyse complex engineering and technical problems to find solution spaces that an engineering mind can create for solving complex problems. Engineers silently articulate their engineering minds, behind the scenes of glory,  to try and formulate and see solutions and structure where there is none and adapt themselves to design solutions under constraints. The author of the book, Guru Madhavan, considers science, philosophy and religion as the pursuit of truth while engineering is at the centre of producing utility under constraints. The outcomes of engineers are there for everyone to experience and enjoy and one such engineering marvel is the Mumbai Metro Line 3, which I had the honour to have a glimpse of. Therefore in a way I wish to dedicate this blogpost as a tribute to the engineers - unsung heroes and builders of our modern society. 

Mumbai, a cosmopolitan city of hope and aspiration for millions is majorly dependent on the rail transport. The Mumbai suburban Rail transport (central, western and harbor line) is inextricably linked to most Mumbaikars, for whom Rail is their lifeline. The EMU ( Electric Multiple Unit) services are a house hold name in Mumbai. The Mumbai electric rail transport started on February 3, 1925, when the the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) introduced the first electric train (EMU) that ran between Bombay VT ( now CSMT) and Kurla Harbour.  Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai is privileged to be in possession of one of the earliest electric locomotives, which ran in the city of Bombay (Mumbai) during the period from 1930 to 1960s. This 90 plus years old Electric locomotive engine was donated by the Central Railway to our centre in the year 1979.

Although, daily, more than 2000 plus train services in Mumbai are commissioned to hurtle through the city, carrying millions of Mumbaikars to their destinations, yet the ever increasing population and unending migration of people to the Mumbai metropolis was making it extremely difficult and often times dangerous for people to commute by suburban rail. Most rail commuters in Mumbai, specially during the peak hours, are confronted with every day challenge of searching for foot-space in a train that does not even have an additional square inch of space left. Realising this hard fact, the civic infrastructure planners have long been struggling with solutions and have firmly believed that the time has truly come for ‘the lifeline’ of Mumbai to now change to Metro (rail based Mass Rapid Transit System). Accordingly the Government of Maharashtra, taking on board all stakeholders, has committed to implementing the ‘Metro Rail Projects’ to improve traffic & transportation scenario in Mumbai Metropolitan Region(MMR) and has entrusted this task to the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA), with the Chief Minister as it’s Chairman, to implement its vision. The ambitious Metro Rail Master Plan includes 9 corridors covering a total length of 146.5 k.m., out of which 32.5 k.m was proposed underground and rest elevated. One of the most challenging corridors in this master plan that employs the best of technology, is the Metro 3 project with Science Museum as one of it’s important stations. The Nehru Science Centre had hosted an exhibition in 2018, which briefly presented the making of this challenging metro line. Ms Ashwini Bhide, the then MD of MMRC had inaugurated this exhibition and delivered an outstandingly informative and fear allaying lecture on this project, particularly highlighting the Line 3.

Ms Bhide had spoken on the technological challenges involved in the project while honestly touching upon some societal issues including displacement of people and also uprooting of several trees. She was honest about the sound pollution and such other medium term problems that the project will create but was unequivocal in stressing that they are most concerned about these issues and are doing all that is possible to mitigate the hardships. She listed out details of the rehabilitation plans and also the plans for plantation of innumerable number of trees in lieu of the ones which were mandatorily required to be uprooted. She informed the audience that they have achieved an important mile stone of completing more than 2kms of tunneling in a short span. She spoke on how the MMRC is using Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) at various launching shafts for tunnel construction and added that the metro line 3 had so far received eleven TBMs, out of which eight had been lowered and have started main drives. She added, the MML-3 would bring multiple benefits such as comfortable Air conditioned travel for more than 16 lakh commuters daily, reduction in travel time, reduction in air & noise pollution, improving safety & security of the citizens etc. Upon completion, this fully underground corridor with 27 stations would connect Six business districts, 30 educational institutes, 30 recreational facilities and domestic as well as international airport terminals.

The Metro transport has revolutionised public transport in most parts of the world including the city of Delhi, which now boasts of an advanced metro rail system. As per the data available from the Advancing Public Transport (UITP) site, which provides the statistics of the world metro figures, at the end of 2017, there were established metro networks in 178 cities in 56 countries, carrying an average total of 168 million passengers per day. This massive growth is largely to be credited to developments in a few Asian countries which are prioritising this sustainable mode of transport. It adds that a total of 194 metro lines (both existing and new networks) accounting for approximately 40% of the length of metro infrastructure worldwide, have been opened in this period. Among the new metro systems that were inaugurated in this period, Mumbai is one of them and the others include ; Salvador (Brazil), Changsha, Ningbo and Wuxi (China), Shiraz (Iran) and Panama City (Panama). The Mumbai Metro 1 (Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar) corridor was opened to commuter traffic in June 2014. It has now emerged as the most hassle free transportation mode and its ridership per weekday jumped to 3.55 lakh commuters in 2017, up from 2.96 lakh in February 2016. Mumbai Metro 1 has surpassed the projected ridership of around 4.2 lakh. Before the pandemic hit the city, Mumbai Metro 1 had a ridership of 4.5 lakh on weekdays.

The Metro Transport is one of the most preferred transport in the world with several densely populated cities adopting this means of transport. The busiest metro network in the world is Tokyo, which boasts close to 3.6 billion passenger journeys per year. Chinese metro systems, have experienced even more significant passenger growth, with Beijing (+39%) and Shanghai (+25%) rising to 2nd and 3rd busiest networks. Taken together, metro systems in Asia carry over 80 million passengers per day, nearly half the world total passengers and with most Indian cities preferring this mode of transport this number is only heading north words. The New Delhi metro ridership has crossed the 1800 million ridership per year in 2018. Metros are of critical importance for mobility, as societies are becoming ever more urbanised and hopefully the Mumbai Metro will follow the path of the New Delhi Metro and will help in easing the commutation difficulties that the Mumbaikars face. Our science centre will be one of the major beneficiaries once the Mumbai Metro 3 is in operation since the Science Museum Station just opposite to our Centre will be a landmark that will help not only with access to our Centre but also in marketing our science museum to many more new visitors. 

I am sharing some of the earlier images of the construction site of Science Museum Metro station which Mr Rohit had shared with me besides images of my visit to the site on 26th March 2021.