Happy Birthday (24 April) Sachin Tendulkar - The God of Cricket

In the history of Indian Cricket, no one has had a fan following - more than a billion - larger than Sachin Tendulkar.  Sachin Tendulkar celebrates his 49th birthday today - 24 April 2022 - and on this occasion I am reminded of three Cricket Connects exhibitions ( South Africa, Australia and England), which I had the honour to be associated with as co curator for the South Africa exhibition and as Curator for Australia and England exhibitions. I fondly recollect how we presented Sachin Tendulkar in these three exhibitions, which were developed under the auspices of the cultural exchange program of the Ministry of Culture, between India and these three countries. I also fondly remember an exhibition, ‘Deconstructed Innings - A Tribute to Sachin Tendulkar’, which I had the honour to host at the NGMA Mumbai, when I was the Director of NGMA Mumbai. This exhibition presented an artistically deconstructed innings of Sachin Tendulkar.  Ten eminent artists were chosen by the organisers to interact with Sachin Tendulkar to create art installations in different medium to present a deconstructed innings of the legend, using the language of art and its creativity.

Cricket Fans, not just in India but all across the globe, keep the spirit of Sachin alive long after he has laid his bat to rest. He has connected Indians to cricket and to his own play more than anyone else in the history of this game, which unites all Indians. His performance used to be the reason for whole country's happiness or sadness. Harsha Bhogle, an erudite and highly respected commentator, once said "India sleeps well when Sachin plays well”. The crazy and unsportsmanly attitude of the crowd at the Eden Garden during the semi-final world cup match against Sri Lanka after Sachin was out stands testimony to the dependence of the cricket fans on Sachin.

For the ‘Cricket Connects - India Australia’ exhibition, which was presented at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Australia, I had chosen a common connect that the two countries share in cricket - Hero Worship. Australia idolizes and worships Sir Don Bradman - whose achievements remain unparalleled and near impossible - as their hero. Sachin Tendulkar, who himself is a hero worshipper of the legendary Don, is similarly idolised and hero worshipped by Indians all across the globe. This section was covered under the heading ‘ The God (Sachin Tendulkar) and the Gods God ( Don Bradman)’.  In the 1930's, with the country in deep economic depression and still grieving for the thousands killed in World War I, Bradman's achievements were a cause for Australian National pride. The spirit of the Don is evidenced from a statement by the former Prime Minister of Australia, John

Howard, a cricket lover, who, during his visit to Sir Donald a few days before his death, said ''He had a great impact on Australian life, especially during the desperate years of the Depression. His prowess on the cricket field lifted the hopes and spirits of the people, who at times felt they had little else.''

 

The Nobel Laureate, Nelson Mandela, also the recipient of the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, was an avid follower of the Bradman. One of Mandela’s first questions to the former Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, when Fraser met him in Cape Town’s Polls Moor Prison in 1986, was, “Tell me, Mr Fraser is Donald Bradman still alive?” Such was the charm and following of Bradman all across the globe. Four years later, when Mandela was released from the prison, Fraser handed over Don’s signed bat for Mandela, which read “To Nelson Mandela in recognition of a great unfinished innings – Don Bradman".

Sachin Tendulkar is to India what Bradman has been to Australia. Sachin has carried the hopes and aspirations of one billion plus Indian cricket fans for all of 23 long years that he played the game. Sachin’s unparallel achievements and his simplicity and humility have aided his cricket fans to placing him on a God’s pedestal. This was evidenced in one of the beautiful art installations which was featured in the exhibition at NGMA Mumbai. Sachin’s fan following and his reverential position was mirrored in the painting titled “Arrival of a Cricket God” by Manjunath Kamath. This work formed a part of an exhibition “Deconstructed Innings: A tribute to Sachin Tendulkar” that was exhibited at the premier art institute of the country the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), Mumbai. The artist essays the birth of Sachin to be an auspicious occasion where little Sachin is blessed by the mythical godly figures. The artist draws his inspiration from Indian Calendar Art, popular culture, and epics to celebrate the legendary stature of Sachin Tendulkar and presents a visual imagery, which includes metaphoric mythical elements that is juxtaposed with the childhood image of Sachin’s arrival at the centre. There is also a book titled “If Cricket is Religion, Sachin is God” written by Vijay Santhanam and S B Subramanyam, which also juxtaposes the position of Cricket and Sachin for Indians.

When was Sachin played for India, more often than not, India’s chances for success rested on his shoulders. Entire stadium erupted at the very sight of seeing the little master walk out to the wicket from the pavilion and the very crowd entered into a deadly silence, and often emptying the stands, when the bowler got the better of Sachin. Sachin was born in Mumbai, on 24April, 1973 in Dadar. Shivaji Park where the last rites of Lata Mangeshkar - one of the who’s who of India who were the fans of Sachin Tendulkar - were performed was also the place where Sachin played cricket. The city of Mumbai and so also Dadar has a very rich cricket history. In another art work titled “The City of Dreams” exhibited at NGMA,  Artist – Remen Chopra, presented a sculptural representation of Sachin’s Cricket career, in a skyline of his city of dreams - Mumbai - that is symbolic of his unprecedented achievements on the field.

Many of Sachin’s fans have come dangerously close to believing that Tendulkar is/was God. Certainly much of Tendulkar’s batting seemed like a gift from above. But the impression short-changes him for no one worked harder to hone his natural talent. Sachin, who is a devout Hindu, does not like the comparison to God. In one of his recent interaction with his adoring fans he said that he "is not a god as he makes mistakes and gods do not", but that had little impact on many of his fans. Every 'God' has his share of non-believers. The great Sachin too had some. Some critics started writing his epithet when he was past 35. He bounced back and proved his critics - who

had coined a new phrase ‘End’ulkar, to signal the end of Tendulkar, wrong. At the age of 37, he had his most fertile year (2010); scoring more than 1500 Test runs in a year and also achieved a feat not witnessed until that point of time in cricketing history, a double century in an ODI.

Among his innumerable fans, one man, Mr Sudhir Chaudhary, from Odisha is conspicuous. He used to be seen with his whole body painted with the colours of the national flag and at the bottom were the three golden words: 'the god of cricket'. Like a true disciple, he has followed Tendulkar wherever he went.  Likewise there are several other diehard fans of Sachin who are equally passionate about their idol, including one Mr.Manu Singh, from Australia, Pavan Kumar from Hyderabad and Hasnain Masood from UAE, who continue to keep the spirit of Sachin alive. The exhibition “Deconstructed Innings” at the NGMA is an outcome of the reverence that Indians have

for their idol.

Sachin’s great deeds were foretold when he was still a boy, the lofty predictions scarcely allowing for sport’s inherent caprice. And incredibly, beginning with the debut series in 1989, the legend has fulfilled all but the wildest of predictions. The pressure to succeed every single time, the claustrophobia that comes with every little action being scrutinised can

scarcely be conceived. And yet Tendulkar wore it with lightness and dignity, making brilliance a commonplace and unremarkable.

Sachin has been bestowed with innumerable recognition honours and awards including the coveted Bharat Ratna, which he received in February 2014. Alongside all his accolades Sachin Tendulkar has preserved his treasured honour, which comprises a set of thirteen coins he earned from his coach – Ramakant Achrekar. These special coins were depicted in a art work titled “Treasure Box” by Trilochan Anand, in the NGMA Mumbai exhibition.

At the World Cups, Sachin was more prolific than anywhere else. His total tally at the World Cups (2278 Runs) is 30.6% greater than his closest and arch rival Ricky Ponting (1743 runs). And if you think he has played more, he has played 1 match less than Ponting in WCs. Sachin has to his credit 6 centuries and 21 half tons in World Cup. Sachin’s achievements can best be summarised in the words of Ponting who wrote in his forward for a book titled Tendulkar in Wisden: An Anthology, “For me, he's the greatest batsman after Don Bradman. While I hold Brian Lara in high regard, because of his match winning ability, I don't think any batsman can achieve more out of the game than Sachin has".

Sachin also has to his credit an unprecedented record of scoring 100 hundreds in international matches. He has played in a record 200 Tests and he continues to be the highest scorer in both Tests and ODI. He also ho,da several other records, which are hard to conquer. Sachin however had to wait for a long time to get to his 100th hundred. He says “When I got to my 100th international century, I was not jumping or celebrating. My first question to God was why did it take so long? What did I do wrong? With a billion plus people waiting for this, it shouldn’t have taken so long”.

Sachin played 664 international matches in 24 years. It means around 27.67 matches per year and still maintained an average of approximately 44 and 54 in ODIs and Tests respectively. Although Sachin’s average is less than Bradman’s, the matches that Sachin Tendulkar played are way higher and so also the pressure and fan expectations under which he played the games. His consistency, keeping in mind his longevity in the game, the varying opponents and conditions, is probably the best at the international stage.

 

Cricket is said to be a game dominated by the batsmen. Although the argument is debatable, it seems more than partially true to the naked eye. Our human mind is programmed to relate and picturise events, ideas, objects and persons. So whenever the word 'batsman' pops up, we either relate to Sachin Tendulkar or Sir Donald Bradman.

 

Cricket to Sachin was not just a game but a 'word of God’. He is the reason cricket has become like a religion in India and every child in the 90s was born with an innate passion for cricket. Today as Sachin celebrates his 49th birthday here is wishing him a very happy birthday. May you continue up to inspire millions and may you co to use to be remembered. 

Earth Day ( 22nd April, 2022) : Invest in our Planet.

“Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts.”

― Rachel Carson, The Sense of Wonder

The Earth Day network, which spearheads the worlds largest environmental movement and leads the commemoration of the ‘World Earth Day’, succinctly defines the importance of this day. It emphasises that ‘this is the moment to change it all — the business climate, the political climate, and how we take action on climate. Now is the time for the unstoppable courage to preserve and protect our health, our families, our livelihoods… together, we must Invest In Our Planet’. 

The significance of the Earth Day (22 April) can be appreciated when we look at the singularity of the position of our planet earth in our universe, which is the only known celestial body which harbours life. This is profoundly evidenced in an excerpt taken from that famous Carl Sagan book - Pale Blue Dot. It highlights Earth’s insignificant, yet profound position in the vast universe, which we are home to. The ‘Pale Blue Dot’ passage and the accompanying narration by Carl Sagan was inspired by an iconic image of the earth that was taken by space Voyager 1 on that historic day - 14 February,1990 - as the Voyager spacecraft was moving out of our planetary neighbourhood. At the ‘behest’ of Carl Sagan, NASA scientists commanded their Voyager 1 to turn around for one last look at the earth to capture the image of our home planet. Voyager 1 was about 6.4 billion kilometers away from our earth, and approximately 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane, when it captured the historic portrait of our planet - Pale Blue Dot, which is seen webbed in the center of a scattered light rays.  Our Earth appears as a tiny point of light - a crescent - only 0.12 pixel in size.

Notwithstanding the ridiculously insignificant size of our earth - a speck of dust in the unending cosmos - in comparison with the vast universe, yet, our ‘Pale Blue Dot’ is the only known source of celestial body in the universe, which harbours life, as we know it today. It is therefore incumbent upon us - its prime inhabitants, the humans - to invest in our Planet and in that sense commemoration of the ‘ Earth Day’ augurs well for the green and prosperous future of our earth. Therefore, the theme for this years World Earth Day -  Invest in our Planet - is apt since it strives to highlight how everyone can invest their time and energy to be a part of the change, which is so very essential for saving our planet. 

Over the past 52 years, the people and countries who have been involved with the World Earth Day has expanded vastly. It is now estimated that over one billion people take part in Earth Day festivities in 192 countries. This day must remind us - particularly the world leaders - that we all have a single common enemy - Climate Change - and therefore we must all unite to focus our collective energy and efforts in accelerating solutions to combat the climate change menace - largely a human construct- and to activate everyone – governments, citizens, and businesses – to commit to this cause under a banner ‘Everyone accounted for, and everyone accountable’. It is time for us to push aside the barriers and/or crevices of any kind between nations and move forward with an objective of marching away from the pollution driven ‘dirty’ fossil fuel economy and other associated old technologies - that are driven by fossil fuel-  in the past centuries and redirect our attention to creating a 21st century with clean and green economy that brings back the health of our planet, protects our species, and provides opportunities for all inhabitants of planet earth befitting maintaining Sustainable Development Goals. 

Speaking of bringing back health of planet to protect our species and to provide opportunities for all, one is reminded of Ms. Rachel Carson, an author - spinster and an alleged lesbian - who fought all odds of personal attacks and gender discrimination to bring to focus environmental impact, which later became a beacon for her followers to take to activism in support of environmental concerns for Earth. Her efforts provided that much needed impetus for the declaration and commemoration of the World Earth Day, which we are now celebrating. The publication of Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" (1962) highlighted the dark sides of the environmental effect of chemicals, which were rampantly being abused across the world. She wrote this book to alert the world to the poisonous legacy of excess use and abuse of pesticides (DDT). Her book is often considered as a cornerstone in the conservation movement and environmental activism for creating a worldwide awareness of ecological systems. The book earned her a posthumous presidential medal in US, even as she was made to endear vitriolic attacks from the chemical industry lobby, who were up in arms against her criticism of their thriving industry. The book reminded people that all human commerce has consequences that must be considered carefully; and that watchfulness is democracy's surest defence. 

Ms Rachel Carson is considered as one of the finest nature writer of the 20th century, and is remembered today as the woman who challenged the notion that humans could obtain mastery over nature by chemicals, bombs and space travel. She is also remembered for her studies of ocean life. Her best-selling book, ‘Silent Spring’, attracted cynicism as well as support from different corners including getting noticed by John F Kennedy, President, thus leading to the mobilisation of activism in environmental movement. Her book and her environmental activism helped Government entities  to study environmental issues and come out with regulations to govern environmental problems. She relied on scientific facts in her remorseless presentations to strike home her strong message. Her critics labelled her as hysterical and unscientific, yet she remained undeterred. Today her trials and tribulations for combating pollution and climate change, which she believed were impacting planet earth and its life species have been recognised. 

The genesis of the World Earth Day - 22 April  - goes back to 1969 when US Senator, Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin, started expressing his deep concerns over, what he described as ‘deteriorating environmental conditions’. He noticed adverse impact that a massive oil spill had on the marine life, in Santa Barbara, California and so also the impact of carbon emissions from vehicular exhausts, which were causing air pollution. He realised how important it is to create public awareness on pollution and environmental issues. He therefore chose college students as mother earths brand ambassadors and selected April 22, a relatively free date for college students, for the “teach-in on college campuses to the national media” program. He persuaded Pete McCloskey, a Republican Congressman, to serve as his co-chair. Both of them recruited a young activist Denis Hayes, to organize the campus teach-ins.  This program turned out to be a path breaking event, which led to the national consciousnesses on environmental issues and this movement attracted some 20 million people - 10% of American population - who took part in the first Earth Day celebrations that were held across cities in US on the 22nd April 1970. Ever since, this day is celebrated as the Earth Day.

This environmental awakening movement soon caught the attention of students across US and so also the imagination of key people, which helped in creating national consciousness on the ill effects of air and water pollution on our health and also on the environment. The participants in this campaign took to the streets, thronged the college campuses, parks and this movement spread from city to city. All the participants in this environment activism had just one message to communicate - save our planet Earth from pollution and awaken the people against their environmental ignorance so that they could demand from their leaders and administration better conservation measures for our planet Earth - the only habitable planet in the solar system. This people driven movement helped in spreading the message of protecting natural biodiversity and put forth the concern of people over environmental deterioration. This movement also led to the launch of several landmark environmental programmes and laws in the United States including Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts. It also helped in creating the all important environmental watch dog - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US.

The people’s movement in US and the success of the Earth Day celebrations caught the imagination of the people from across the world. In the year 1990, a group of environmental leaders approached Denis Hayes to once again organize another major campaign for planet Earth. This time, the celebration of the Earth Day went global, mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and leapfrogging environmental issues from the local and state stage onto the world stage. Earth Day 1990 gave a huge boost to recycling efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the famous 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The Earth Summit is now attended by most global leaders and serves the purpose for collectively addressing environmental concerns.

The massive success of the Earth Day in 1990 and the subsequent formation of the UN Earth Summit inspired activists to start several such environmental movements across the globe. Most countries eventually adopted laws to safeguard the environment. Over the next two decades, Earth Day Network increased its spread to hundreds of millions of people, who were all involved in this environmental campaign and movement. This created opportunities for civic engagement and volunteerism. The Earth Day now engages more than 1 billion people every year and has become a major stepping stone for the protection of our planet Earth. Incidentally the significance of the day - 22nd April - is borne out by the fact that this very day was chosen by the United Nations for the signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change, in 2016.

The importance of this years World Earth Day can be appreciated from the the  report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which has warned of severe impacts if the global warming level crosses 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. They have warned that this will lead to the melting of glaciers, droughts and increase in the floods and so also the extinction of some of the species. The global warming will lead to the heat waves becoming intense, leading to the change in weather patterns, which unfortunately we have started witnessing. This year, as we celebrate the World Earth Day under the theme ‘ Invest in our Planet ‘, it is time for us individually to commit ourselves to investing our time and energy in saving our planet. 

From simple lifestyle changes to driving local or national climate policy, every one of us has the potential to contribute to mitigating climate change that has impacted our planet. As the world came to a screeching halt during the pandemic period, this Earth Day must remind us that the time is ripe to rethink about the future of planet Earth. I hope that through our experience of the Covid pandemic, we will learn that it is far better to preempt a global problem when we see it on the horizon than start planning for combating it when it engulfs us. This is a lesson that we must apply to the challenge of global climate change, which also threatens hundreds of millions of people, as does the Covid 19. The Covid 19 has also taught us lessons that global challenges require globally coordinated responses. And this coming togetherness of the world leaders will definitely augur well for combating the deadly climate change, which like the Corona virus appears to be invisible yet reveals tell tale signs of its impact for us to take note of and preempt its adverse effects on our pale blue planet.

On this World Earth Day, it is time to remind ourselves of what damage we have done to our Mother Earth and to relook at that historic initiative which was started in 1970 that has now become a global movement and take this movement a notch higher for benefitting our Mother Earth.

Long live India and long live planet Earth.

Images - Courtesy Wiki Commons, Earth Reminders.com and Columbia Climate School.

World Theatre Day: Remembering the NSDF and Ebrahim Alkaji

 

 

27th March is commemorated as the World Theatre Day, ever since it was first celebrated by the International Theatre Institute (ITI) on 27 March, 1961. Theatre is one of the effective ways of communicating science to the people and that too in an entertaining way. Theatre in India, is one of the oldest art forms, alongside music and dance that continue to thrive in modern days. Theatrical performances of mythological stories like Ramayana and Mahabharata and, the most renowned of all the plays, Shakuntala provide us an insight to the rich historical traditions of theatre in India.  Indian Drama, over the years, beginning from the ancient Vedic Age, has moved on to the classical theatre traditions, influencing the modern theatre. Looking back in time, the historicity of theatre in India is evidenced in the Rig Veda. The epics of Ramayana, Mahabharata and Artha Shastra are instilled with specific techniques of dramas. Sages Valmiki and Vyas and Panini have shed decisive light on theatre and Patanjali has heartily contributed in his Mahabhashya that there existed two dramas, namely - Kamsa Vadha and Vali Vadha. Actors not only served as dancers but also as musicians.  Bharata Muni, is acknowledged to be a legendary author of the Natyashastra, the very first Sanskrit work on dramaturgy. The treatise says that Bharata was the one who popularised the Natyaveda, created by Brahma, on the Earth. He is also said to have collected all the material of earlier acharyas like Tumburu, Narada and Nandi and gave the Nayashastra a complete coherence by making additions, alterations and adaptations according to the requirements of time and space.

 

 British cultural anthropologist, Victor Turner, has said; “for cultures to survive and grow, we need exploratory moments when we can step out of the routines of our busy life into a selective, dramatic re-enactment to express public opinion and sentiments on key issues of our communities. We become so narrowly focused on every day, pragmatic efforts to make our communities and societies ‘work’ that we forget where we are going in life”. This is why we need a cultural space which is midway between the utopian, mythic aspirations of our communities and the daily struggle to survive. Theatre provides this cultural space in which actors symbolically represent the struggle of the community, but in a frame of plot resolution that points to the searching debates to possible idealized goals.

 

Theatre is as old as human community, which has emerged as religious-civic ritual, lyric poetry, and popular entertainment and as political protest in virtually every culture across the world and so has it been for India. No essay on theatre in India will be complete without remembering Ebrahim Alkaji. a doyen of Indian theatre who founded the National School of Drama. I had the honour while serving as the Director of NGMA Mumbai to host an exhibition of Ebrahim Alkazi and I also had paid my tribute to him when he bid adieu to this world. Those who are interested may like to read my tribute on my blog whose link is appended below.

https://khened.blogspot.com/2020/08/eulogy-for-ebrahim-alkazi-doyen-of.html

 This essay of mine, however, is confined to Science Theatre (Drama) and how this medium was effectively used for science communication by Science Museums in India under the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM). Theatre can combine elements of art, music and sport, and develop students’ creativity and so also their fitness and their emotional and aesthetic awareness. As team activities, theatre promotes communication and co-operation among young learners.  Theatre can be used as an effective medium of learning while being entertained. It can convey, with a substantial dose of theatricality, important and socially relevant information generally not available on the stage in to the minds of general public. 

Science theatre is increasingly staged across the globe because it can play an important role in science communication while also effectively addressing social, ethical and moral issues that stem from rapid developments in science and technology in the current era, which is inextricably linked to S&T. Science Centres in India including the Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai, have used this medium effectively in science communication. National Science Drama Festival (NSDF), which is one of most effective programmes of NCSM, is an ongoing annual creative event for the school students. The World Theatre Day is celebrated to create an awareness on the significance of theatre.

 Modern science has dramatically changed the world around us and is affecting all our lives in many ways. We hear buzz words like global warming, gene therapy, stem-cell research, nanotechnology, radiation, etc. every day. Moreover, we begin to realize that beyond dealing with intriguing discoveries and technical problems, scientific progress has social and ethical implications that should be addressed by the society. In contemporary theatre this is reflected by an increasing number of ’science plays'. Theatre can play an important role in effective science communication and also help in removing superstition and blind beliefs. Science Plays or Theatre are now increasingly focusing their attention on societal and ethical issues and creating awareness on socially relevant scientific issues that are so essential for the modern world.  Theatre has been used as one of the effective ways of communication in driving home the message of the efficacy of vaccines in India and perhaps this is one reason why vaccine hesitancy in India is much less than in most of the western countries. The theatre and so also art in its various forms, help in communicating science to the masses.

NCSM started using theatre as a medium to engage school students in researching on scientific and technological subjects and in scripting, directing and enacting plays to express their opinion on diverse scientific and technological issues. Students who perform in these plays as directors and actors are not renowned artists, yet their performance and their approach in addressing scientific issues with ethical and social aspects have been truly praiseworthy. Over the years the National Science Drama Festival (NSDF), organised every year by the NCSM, which, starts at the block level and progresses to the District to the State to the Zonal and finally to the National level, has become one of the most popular science communication medium of the Council. Ten teams, two respective winner teams from the five zones; North, South, East, West and North East, are selected to participate at the National Science Drama Festival. Leading theatre personalities and scientists who have witnessed the dramas at different levels, especially the ones that are selected to participate at the National Level, have showered high praises and commended the thoughtful thinking of the students in presenting their plays in the most professional way.

The students who take part in the NSDF carry out extensive research on their chosen subjects and prepare their script and enact their plays in a most effective manner to try and address the social and ethical issues that come with the cutting edge research on scientific and technological developments while highlighting their benefits. 

Theatrical actions link education and entertainment, consequently becoming a highly effective didactic instrument. Science museums across the world are using this medium as an interpretative technique to communicate science from the point of view of the goals pursued by museums, of epistemology and of theatrical research. Hopefully, theatrical communication of science will become common practice among practitioners of public understanding of science. Science and theatre, two different human activities, each with their own historical background and specific features, began to interact in the past, and today they are “strangely” linked. There is a real interaction, starting from theatre and ending with science or, vice versa, starting in a scientific setting and developing theatrical features. Or, again, new relations are the fruit of meetings between researchers, actors, directors, philosophers and scientific communicators.

The phrase “scientific theatre” has been coined only recently, but it has immediately produced a lot of heated debate and questions. Providing a definition of scientific theatre is no easy task: the relationship between science and theatre is so variegated as to defy any precise expression. The definition would in any case remain ambiguous, as it indicates an extremely wide range of experiences. Theatre, contemporary or not, has often drawn on the world of science and has often expressed its conceptions about it. The union between theatre and science exists also in other domains, pertaining neither to criticism nor to rational reflections: the universe of human passions. Science activity is a particular way of making sense of the world that mankind has created, which is not only a cognitive process but is also characterised by passion, it is a story of passions. So the main goal of scientific theatre is to come into contact with these passions, to understand those who have felt them and to put these passions on stage. In this way theatre offers an original and riveting way to deal with the greatest questions about the sense of the world, life and science, questions which, on the contrary, would risk remaining abstract and vague.

Scientific theatre teaches scientific facts and concepts at the same time as it entertains the public. The elaboration and production of “ideal” scientific theatre performances seem to require, however, a close cooperation between scientists, researchers, scientific philosophers, playwrights, directors, actors, scientific communicators and animators: only in this way can service quality be guaranteed, with regard to the educational content, the communicative effectiveness and the epistemological awareness. When using theatre as a means to communicate science and ideas, epistemological problems immediately arise, since a debate on science cannot be conducted without giving (and having, more or less consciously) an image of it. So what is the image of science emerging from such shows is of paramount importance.

 Some of the recent science dramas which have received international acclaim include the plays “Oxygen” by Carl Djcrassi. This play tries to answer the question, “Who discovered oxygen?” The setting for Oxygen is based on a fictional encounter between Lavoisier, Priestley, Sheele and their wives, at the invitation of King Gustav III.  The place of the discussion is Stockholm, in the year 1777.  The Central question is, “Who discovered oxygen?” The play is also about doing science, politics and ambitions.  There are other plays on science by Michael Frayn which suggest a wide public interest in the history of science as well as in science itself. This play is based on the meeting between Bohr and Heisenberg in 1941 in German-occupied Denmark where they discussed the possibility and consequences of harnessing nuclear power.  The play is also about loyalty, suspicion and friendship.  The setting for Copenhagen is more modest: Heisenberg is in the home of the Bohrs, with Mrs. Bohr as an important participant.  Here the central question is, “Why did Heisenberg come to Copenhagen?”  Both plays have been praised for the excellence of their dramatic design as well as for the correctness of their historical and scientific content.  They received high acclaim from historians of science and scientists alike.  What is important is that both plays have elicited much public and academic discussion.

 Science Museums and Centres across the globe have now started using science dramas as an effective medium of science communication. London Science Museum, for instance, engaged an actor in 1987, and has now an entire theatre company with a repertoire of more than forty performances ranging from real plays on stage to character monologues presented in the halls of the museum. Theatrical performances vary: there may be single actors presenting themselves as renowned scientists of the past, or even groups of actors representing chemical elements like hydrogen atoms or even biological cells.

Science Plays on biographies of scientists have been phenomenally successful. Ramanujan’s life story is so awe inspiring that movies and plays about him have been and are being produced. The first was a superb documentary about Ramanujan in the famous Nova series of the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) on television, which described some of his most appealing mathematical contributions in lay terms and some of the most startling aspects of his life, such as the episode of the taxi cab number 1729. In 2007 a play entitled   A Disappearing Number was conceived and directed by the English playwright Simon McBurney for the Theatre Complicite Company. It first played at the Theater Royal in Plymouth, England, and won three very prestigious awards in England in 2007. This play was also performed at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Hyderabad, India, in August 2010. The latest theatrical production on Ramanujan is a movie that is now being produced in India based on Kanigel’s book The Man Who Knew Infinity.

 Many of the science plays, including some described above are examples of the theatre being inspired by the exciting and often mind-blowing stories of science. But it is intriguing that the traffic has not been one way. Increasingly science is exploiting the vehicle of theatre to communicate its ideas. London Science Museum has created a piece of narrative theatre called the Energy Show to teach kids about energy.  

Ever since NCSM started the National Science Drama Festival there are countless such examples where message of science, ethical and social messages, the concepts on science and biographical portrayal of life and works of scientists have been very effectively portrayed. This year will be no exception. However, what is needed is a close cooperation between scientists, researchers, scientific philosophers, playwrights, directors, actors, scientific communicators and other professionals only in this way can service quality be guaranteed, with regard to the educational content, the communicative effectiveness and the epistemological awareness, which it is hoped will happen sooner than later.  

Wishing you all a very happy World Theatre Day.

Images - Courtesy - Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai and BITM, Kolkata

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International Women’s Day: Equality Today for a Sustainable Tomorrow.

Since historic times, women in India have found a prominent place in society as evidenced in the artistic expressions depicted through paintings, murals, art, culture, iconography and so also in scriptures, which depict women’s power, importance, and reverence that Indian society has bestowed on women.

One of the oldest reference, which advances women’s position in Indian society can be traced back to the iconic dancing girl cast in bronze, which was sculpted at Mohenjo-Daro during the Harappa period. Harappa civilisation has also revealed many more evidence that has represented women in paintings, terracotta figurines, sculptures, gold figurines etc. These material evidence indicate that women had a life beyond the confines of the four walls of their home and they enjoyed a social status. It is also believed that the Mother Goddess - from the findings of Harappa - is an ancient version of Devi Lakshmi from Hindu religious beliefs. This tradition of representation of women and their reverence in society has continued for centuries from the Harappa times, which is evidenced all across India in temple art, architecture and iconography.

A shloka from the Manusmriti, exemplifies the reverence that women enjoyed in Indian society; “Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante sarvaastatrafalaah - meaning where Women are honoured, divinity blossoms, and where women are dishonoured, all action, no matter how noble, remain unfruitful. Unfortunately, although there is so much of a material evidence to suggest high stature of women in Indian society, yet it is paradoxical that women continue to face discrimination in our modern society. The situation so grim that even in the third decade of the twenty first century (2022) women have to demand for gender equality, which should have been a given by now, but unfortunately it is not. Notwithstanding the legal provisions, preference for a boy child is rampant in India, which also leads to female foeticide and discrimination by family members. It is in this context that commemorating the International Women’s Day makes sense and reinforces the need for introspection.

International Women’s Day (IWD), commemorated globally on this day- 8^th March -  is an important occasion for the global community to commit towards attaining the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, in which gender equality is one of the important goals. Therefore, it is no wonder that the theme for this year’s IWD is “Gender Equality Today for a Sustainable Tomorrow”. This year the IWD is celebrated with a beautiful universal campaign ‘Break The Bias’, which reminds me of a similar highly successful all India campaign, which was launched on August 15, 1988. After the then Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, finished his address to the nation from the Red Fort, a soulful melody took the nation by storm. For most Indians who watched the broadcast on Doordarshan, the opening lines of “Mile Sur Mera Tumhara, Sur bane Humhara” sung by the legendary Hindustani classical vocalist Pandit Bhimsen Joshi continue to stand the test of time. Hopefully, this year’s IWD and the theme and its slogan touch the same chord that the Pundit Bhimsen Joshi’s eponymous “Mile Sur Mera Tumhara” touched us all in the years ahead and help in advancing the rights of the women’s issues for a gender-equal world: a world free of bias, stereotypes and discrimination.

The genesis for the struggle for equal rights by women began in the early 1900s. The oppression and inequality were pushing women to become more vocal and active in campaigning for change. Looking back in history, it was on this very day – 8^th March - in 1908 that the women labours movement started as a united march in which some 15000 women marched in an organised way through the New York City demanding shorter working hours and better pay and right to vote for women, who until then were treated unequally not just in US, but globally.  Encouraged by the response that the women’s march received, the Socialist Party of America joined hands and demanded for declaring the day as the National Woman's Day. The idea to convert this day into an international women’s day came from Clara Zetkin, leader of the Women’s Office for the Social Democratic Party in Germany, who tabled the idea of an International Women's Day during the International Conference of Working Women held in Copenhagen in 1910. She proposed that every year in every country, there should be a celebration on the same day to press for change. The conference was attended by more than 100 women from 17 countries, representing unions, socialist parties and working women’s clubs and thus was born the International Women's Day was born.

In the very next year, 1911, this day was celebrated as the Women’s day in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland. However, it was only in 1975 that the United Nations (UN) acknowledged and started celebrating this day as International Women’s Day. Unfortunately, women have always faced discrimination through centuries and the discrimination has spanned all areas of women’s lives and that includes my own field - science, as well. The women, through the centuries, have been afraid of social stigma in case they complained of discrimination or harassment and therefore they have preferred to remain silent both at home and in workplace. The social fabric of many countries, including India, have been biased against women.  Notwithstanding this inequality there are many exemplary women who have made profound contributions in every field - sports, science and technology, art, defence, medical, engineering, social sciences, political and what not. For increasing the participation of women it is incumbent that on we all join hands to promote education of girls and create that indomitable spirit in them to succeed in the field that they chose to pursue and help them in making themselves a priority of their own lives. We must create an ambience where women will learn to say No to all that is unfavourable to them and boldly face the challenges of life.

Today as we celebrate the International Women’s Day it is time to recall those extraordinary women of substance and indomitable spirit who have made their mark and have distinguished themselves admirably. Take for example Marie Curie, one of the greatest of scientists who has won two Nobel Prizes - one in Physics which she shared with her husband and one in Chemistry. She should be one of the icons whose trials and tribulations, before attaining her extraordinary achievements, even in times of extreme gender insensitivity, must become an inspiration to our youngsters. The COVID 19 pandemic has impacted the world and even in these trying times the medical doctors and health workers have played a stellar role in saving millions of lives. Speaking of health workers one must not forget the Nurses (Sisters) whose selfless service has been exemplary. The year 2020, when the COVID pandemic started, was the 200th birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale, the par excellence nurse. On the occasion of her the bicentennial birth anniversary, the year 2020 was befittingly declared as the ‘International Year of the Nurse and Midwife’ by the World Health Organisation. There are innumerable other women who have made such extraordinary contributions to human society.

In the field of sciences FRS is a coveted fellowship, which has 400 plus years of history and some of the greatest of scientists - Newton, Einstein, Darwin, CV Raman, Srinivas Ramanujan etc are all FRS. A couple of years ago Dr Gagandeep Kang, one of the leading microbiologist of India, was elected to this coveted fellowship. Prof. Kang is a physician scientist, who for many years worked as a Professor of Microbiology and Head of the Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences and the Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory at the Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore. Prof. Kang has made pivotal contributions to understanding the natural history of rotavirus infections as well as other enteric infections, which are important causes of mortality and morbidity in India. She was also involved in the development of vaccines. Similarly, we have many more examples of extraordinary women achiever’s in India in almost all the fields. Women in India have donned almost all the key positions Prime Minister, and President included. Women have excelled in sports, particularly in Olympics where they have won many medals for India. We now have women who are heading Space missions as project directors and are involved in satellite launches and so also in missile launches. Women are now flying the fighter planes and are excelling in every field that men have had their dominance for centuries.

Does this mean that it is an equal world that offers equal opportunities for women, unfortunately not, rather it is far from it. Yet, women have achieved excellence and for this they have had to perform many times more efficiently than men, which is a hard reality in many parts of the world - India included, where women play multiple roles, as home makers, mother, wife and as a successful professional and that too in an unequal society. Women have made profound contributions in social, economic, cultural and political life of the country and today as we celebrate the IWD it is time to salute women who are contributing to the society in equal measures and remember some of distinguished women like Madam Curie, Sarojini Naidu, Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Kalpana Chawla and many more including the unsung heroes like Roslyn Franklin, Margret Hutchinson and many more whose extraordinary contributions have gone unheralded.

This is the day to salute womanhood and propagate against gender discrimination, domestic violence and to empower them to excel in all walks of life. It is also the day we must reverentially remember that women have been bestowed with that God gifted power of motherhood, a natural gift of multitasking and consensus building, which have enabled women to become transformational leaders in their own right.  

On this occasion, I would like to appeal to all young girls to persevere to excel and look up to those innumerable women achiever’s as your role model and demand and command respect in an unequal society and hope that the theme for the IWD - Gender Equality Today for a Sustainable Tomorrow will truly be a reality sooner than later. Jai Nari Shakti Jai Hind.

Wishing you all a very happy IWD.

Lata Mangeshkar – Goddess Sarasvati Gifted Legendary Breathes her Last

 

The day started with the obituary messages pouring in the groups on WhatsApp, for the one and only nightingale of India, Bharat Ratna, Lata Mangeshkar, the legendary singer, who was blessed with Goddess Sarasvati gifted voice, which became a house hold name not just in India but globally. In her demise the nation has lost a voice, headlined many channels. Lata Mangeshkar, the cultural icon and a national treasure and her Goddess gifted, once in several centuries, melodious voice will continue to remain immortal and be etched in the golden letters in the history of India. Gulzar, prophetically and befittingly scripted a song for the film Kinara, which was sung by Lata Mangeshkar that read नाम गुम जायेगा, चेहरा ये बदल जायेगा मेरी आवाज़ ही, पहचान है गर याद रहे. So true it is today. The mortal remains of Lata Mangeshkar will soon be confined to the holy fire on the cremation grounds at the Shivaji Park in front of ocean of grieving people but her voice will ever remain immortal. For generations to come she will be remembered through her 30000 plus songs and her melodious voice will get eternally etched in the annals of Indian history and her voice will continue to be heard across the nation for decades to come. The legendary Lata Tai, Lata Didi, as she was fondly referred to, died this morning at the age of 92 years after a prolonged illness at the Breach Candy Hospital, where she was admitted, on January 8 after she was diagnosed with Covid-19 and pneumonia.

Yesterday the medical bulletin of the hospital did sound pessimistic about her medical condition but the statement from Lata Mangeshkar family that she is endearing her treatment and is recovering had created a hope in the hundreds of millions of her fans across the nation and abroad who were all praying for that miracle, which could save her. But then destiny had different plans for her and unfortunately even after recovering from COVID, Lata Didi had to be put on a ventilator support when her condition worsened on Saturday and she breathed her last this morning. Leaders and prominent people from across the nation, cutting across political and other ideological lines, film, theatre and other fields, have all joined in paying their respect to the legendary singer and as a befitting tribute, the government has decided to cremate her with full state honours in Mumbai's Shivaji park and in attendance will be the honourable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and innumerable other dignitaries, film personalities and tens of thousands of her admirers, who accompanied her last journey from her home in Peddar Road to Shivaji Park in Dadar.

The best nostalgic tribute to Lata ji - in our Sainik School group - came from the America settled Madan Kulkarni - our school Buddy - a diehard art and culture aficionado who promotes Indian art and culture in US and has organised unending performances from many of the artists from India. He posted his remembrance of Lata Didi who he had hosted her on her 70th birthday in Chicago. He wrote that he had driven her all through the city of Chicago post her dinner till 3 AM and posted a photograph remembering this incident, which I have shared. Every one of us, the school buddies of Sainik School Bijapur, reminisced listening to her songs in some of the best of films that were shown to us during our school days. She is befittingly described as the nightingale of India, whose mesmerising voice had the power to put to tears the Prime Minister of India late Pandit Nehru, when she sang that soulful melody’ यें मेरे वतन पे लोगों ज़रा आँख में भर लो पानी …. a tribute that she paid to the fallen soldiers who had made that supreme sacrifice in service of our nation during the 1962 China war. This is one song which continues to inspire millions of Indians to be reverential in their respect to the Indian soldiers, and every Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations across the country witness this song being played across the nation, bringing in tears even today. Lata Didi enthralled her listeners with her Sarasvati gifted melodious voice for over seven decades.

The “nightingale of Bollywood" remained the most sought after play back singer, which every top actress wanted her to be their play back singer. From yesteryears heroine, Madhu Bala in the 1940s to Kajol in the 1990s, she sang for all the leading heroines for nearly five decades and her duets with celebrated play back singers like Mohammad Rafi, Kishore Kumar, Mukesh and others continue to be played across households in India. She also worked with almost every leading Bollywood director, starting from the legendary Raj Kapoor and Guru Dutt to Modern day Mani Ratnam, Karan Johar and others. Tens of thousands of her songs have been sold across the country and she has to her credit singing in 36 languages spanning numerous genres. In my mother tongue – Kannada - she sang for the film Kranti Veer Sangolli Rayanna way back in 1967. Lata Mangeshkar will continue to be an Indian cultural icon and national treasure for generations to come.

The divinity of Lata’s voice can best be seen in the famed story of a letter, which is believed to have been received in the All India Radio office in Delhi from Lahore. The letter written by a Pakistani fan of Lata Didi read ‘India could have Kashmir if they could give Lata Mangeshkar to Pakistan’. There are several such other apocryphal stories of her legions of fans from Pakistan, who were in love with the magic of Lata Mangeshkar’s voice.

Lata Didi was an ardent cricket fan and there are several anecdotal stories which reveal that she often took breaks from recordings to watch Test matches. She was very proud that she owned a signed photograph of Don Bradman. She was all in awe of Sachin Tendulkar with whom she had very close relation and Sachin was in reverence of Lata Didi. She also was very fond of Sunny Gavaskar. It was this admiration that Sachin and Lata Didi had for each other that prompted me to use Lata Mangeshkar and her connect with Cricket, Don Bradman and Sachin Tendulkar to weave a story of how Cricket connects us all Indians, while curating an exhibition Cricket Connects - India - Australia. In the section - The God and the Gods God (Bradman and Sachin) I used the connect that Lata Didi had for the legendary Bradman and Sachin Tendulkar. It is therefore no wonder that the Indian Cricket Team, who had the honour to be always followed and blessed by Lata Didi, is wearing black armbands today, while playing their historic 1000^th ODI, to pay their respects to Bharat Ratna Lata Mangeshkar.

Lata Mangeshkar was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh on 28 September 1929. She was raised in Kolhapur in the family which was grounded in music. Her father, Master Dinanath Mangeshkar, was a musician from Gwalior gharana who ran a drama company that produced Marathi plays. Lata Mangeshkar was the eldest of five children, with her siblings. Her father was her first guru. She was unschooled in the formal sense. In one of her interviews Lata Didi has stated that she went to school only for a day, when she was five. She had taken her younger sister, Asha Mangeshkar (later Asha Bhosle) along with her. However, the school did not allow Asha to attend the school hence Lata decided never to go back to school. She remained home schooled and listen to her father teaching his students and learnt her first music lessons in this indirect way. It was only after her father noticed Lata correcting one of his students that he realised how gifted she was with music that he decided to teach her the nuance of classical music. Most unfortunately, Lata Didi lost her father at a very young age. The untimely death of her father, overnight turned young Lata - the eldest child of the family - to start working at age 14.

In those trying times when Lata was passing through trials and tribulations, she was helped by Master Vinayak, her family’s close friend and owner of Navyug Chitrapat movie company, who took care of the family and helped Lata to become an actor and singer. Lata’’s first song was Vasant Joglekar’s Marathi film Kiti Hasaal (1942), although it never saw the light of the day. Lata continued to sing some more songs for some Marathi films and even acted in the films before deciding to move to Mumbai in 1945. In Mumbai too she passed through trying times and could not succeed, She was even rejected by Filmistan Studio citing her voice to be too thin to appeal to the audience. However, her mentor – Haider – was undeterred to proclaim, “Music composers would beg Lata to sing for them.” Haider gave Mangeshkar her first significant break in the film Majboor in 1948 in which Lata tried singing this song in Noor Jehan’s nasal style. This song remained unheralded.

Her first tryst with success came with the song “Aayega aanewala…” which she sang for the film Mahal (1949). This song established her and sealed her supremacy in the Indian film industry for decades to come. This was the time when Radio Ceylon was the leading radio channel which appealed to most Indians. Lata’s song broke all records at Radio Ceylon. There has never been a looking back for her for all of seven decades. All through the day every single channel has been playing Lata Mangeshkar songs which have entertained the nation that we have heard all through our living.

Interestingly despite her Indian grounding, Lata Didi also enjoyed listening to the western music, particularly Mozart and Beethoven. She also loved seeing Hollywood movies, particularly the James Bond films and her favourite James bonds were Sean Connery and Roger Moore. She also loved cars and many of her dogs, which she proudly owned.

Lata Didi had a fan following cutting across party lines and every single leaders of the political party be it Pandit Nehru, Indira Gandhi, the Thackeray Family, Pawar family, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Narendra Modi and innumerable others had the highest regard for Lata Didi. She was a great patriot whose patriotism is seen in her song “ye mere watan pe logo”. She also supported Marathi theatre and films and sang many songs for Marathi films at almost no cost. She also produced some films and it is said that she was too good to be a producer since she was indulgent for every single demand of the stakeholders of her film, which no producer can ever follow. She endeared through difficult times, when play back singers were not recognised and they were even not considered for the Film Fare Award nor was their names included in the credits. She changed all this and ensured that all play back singers are given their dues. She was also the first Indian to perform with the Wren Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall, London in 1979.

Lata ji was forthright in expressing her opinion and was not a hypocrite and was not afraid to take sides with the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, for whom she had highest respect and admiration, which was mutual. There were many in the film industry, media and political leaders who not only did not endorse her admiration for Mr Narendra Modi, but were also critical of her praise for the Prime Minister, but then she never was apologetic nor was a hypocrite, an attribute which is dime a dozen in the industry, particularly when it comes to endorsing any of the leaders who are from the ruling dispensation - BJP party, more particularly Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
 
She was very fond of cooking and her penchant for red chillies is legendary. She also had passion for photography. She had great sense of humour and regaled her guests with unending jokes. She loved taking photographs and possessed quite a number of camera. Rolleiflex camera was her first camera, which she used for clicking photographs. Wherever she travelled, she made it a point to click pictures. Interestingly she even enjoyed playing in the Casinos in Las Vegas while holidaying in the US.

In her death she has brought together all the warring sections of the political leaders who were seen so very well knit, expressing bonhomie in paying their homage to Lata Didi at the historic Shivaji Park, where her mortal remains will soon be confined to the holy fire.
Lata ji true to the slogans that were continuously chanted all through your final rites, “ jab tak suraj chand rahega, Lata ji aap Amar rahenge”. Rest in peace Lata ji in the heavenly abode which will ever be your home.

Jai Hind