27 December & ‘Jana Gana Mana": The National Anthem of Unity and Identity in India

27 December holds a special significance for us since it happens to be the birthday of my wife and therefore I was wondering how could I make it special  this year. This thought helped me to dig into history to try and resonate this day as something special. This led me to the understanding of the historical significance of this day for India. It was on this day, 27 December 1911, that for the first time “Jana Gana Mana", which was later to become our national anthem, was sung during the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta (now Kolkata). 

India's national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana," penned and composed by the legendary poet Rabindranath Tagore (https://khened.blogspot.com/2020/05/rabindrnaath-tagore-tribute-to-polymath.html)

is not merely a song or an exceptional piece of poetry; it is an embodiment of the nation's rich cultural tapestry and a hymn that resonates with the collective spirit of the people of India. The journey of this profound anthem, from its inception to its establishment as the national song, showcases the deep connection it shares with the people of India.

Although "Jana Gana Mana" was first sung on December 27, 1911, during the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta (now Kolkata), little did Tagore know that his composition would go on to become an integral part of India's national identity and that it will be adopted as the national anthem. The true recognition of "Jana Gana Mana" as the national anthem came after a long debate in the Constituent Assembly of India, which officially adopted it as the national anthem when the Republic of India was proclaimed - 26 January 1950. The adoption of this anthem was not just a formal acknowledgment; it was a declaration of the values and diversity that bind the nation together.

The impact of "Jana Gana Mana" goes beyond its melodious tune and eloquent lyrics. The anthem encompasses verses in praise of India's diverse geography, cultures, and people, fostering a sense of unity in its diversity. It is a celebration of the spirit that transcends regional, linguistic, and religious boundaries, making it a poignant representation of the composite culture of India.

The anthem's connect with the people is evident in its widespread acceptance and participation during national events, school assemblies, and public gatherings. This was evidenced when the world witnessed that extraordinary moment, which unfolded during the India Pakistan World Cup Cricket match in Ahmedabad. A massive gathering of over 100,000 people in the crowd were seen singing with extreme pride the national anthem along with the Indian team. The video capturing the collective rendition of "Jana Gana Mana" serves as a unifying force, instilling a sense of pride and patriotism among Indians and therefore it was no wonder that it went viral across social media platforms. It exhibited the power of the national anthem to evoke strong emotions, symbolizing the shared history, struggles, and triumphs of the nation. 

"Jana Gana Mana" has become a cultural icon, weaving itself into the fabric of India's national consciousness. Its verses capture the essence of India's journey towards independence and its ongoing pursuit of unity, justice, and liberty. The anthem is not merely a musical composition; it is a living testament to the resilience and unity of the Indian people.

Rabindranath Tagore's "Jana Gana Mana" stands as a timeless anthem that transcends time and space, resonating with the hearts of millions. From its humble origins to its status as the national anthem, the song has left an indelible mark on the collective identity of India. Its impact lies in its ability to evoke a sense of pride and unity, making it a cherished and revered symbol that unites the diverse tapestry of the nation. 

This post is a birthday gift to my wife, who turns 55 today, which costs cipher and stands a sure chance to be dimmed in the light of other possible materialistic gifts she is sure to receive from her father and siblings. Hailing from the rustic background - and that too from the state of north Karnataka - I grew up in an ambience where modern style ostentatious celebrations of birthdays with cutting of birthday cakes etc. were non starters and even if celebrated, it was a visit to a temple followed by seeking blessings from parents and elders and that tradition I have continued when it comes to celebrating my birthday. 

May our national anthem continue to unite us and help us celebrate the grandness of this vast and diverse nation which is poised to regain its supremacy in the comity of nations in the decades to come. 

Jai Hind

December 14: Max Planck’s Quantum Theory Enters Scientific Lexicon in 1900

This day - 14 December - marks a historic day when the groundbreaking Quantum Theory was firmly birthed by German Scientist, Max Planck in 1900. Earlier, Planck had presented his preliminary ideas of quantised energy at a meeting of the German Physical Society on October 19, 1900, which he thought was simply a ‘lucky guess’. He, therefore, set about deriving a decisive formulation on the quantised energy and came out with a comprehensive version of his Quantum Theory that he introduced before the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft) in Berlin on December 14, 1900. In attendance was the distinguished audience that consisted of fellow physicists and scientists who played a crucial role in the reception of his groundbreaking ideas on quantum theory and helping it enter into the scientific lexicon. Planck published this paper, under the title “On the Law of the Energy Distribution in the Normal Spectrum”, in the journal "Annalen der Physik" (Annals of Physics) in 1901. It is in recognition of his December 14 presentation before the German Physical Society that 14 December has been etched in the annals of history as the day when Quantum Mechanics was born. 

Max Planck's paper presented a significant departure from the extant classical physics, particularly the well-established centuries-old Newtonian principles. Classical physics operated on deterministic laws, assuming a continuous and predictable nature of matter and energy. However, the phenomena observed at the atomic and molecular levels defied explanation by classical physics. Planck's paper explained the blackbody radiation spectrum, resolving issues that classical physics couldn't address. Planck's quantum theory introduced the concept of quantized energy, suggesting that energy is not emitted or absorbed continuously but in discrete packets or "quanta." This departure from classical continuity was a radical shift, challenging the deterministic worldview of classical physics. The implications were profound, as it forced scientists to reconsider the nature of matter and energy interactions at microscopic scales. 

It is interesting to note that Einstein, initially, had reservations about the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and his preference for determinism led to differences with pioneers like Niels Bohr, which are well recorded in the debates that the two stalwarts had on this subject, in the early days of Quantum theory. Notwithstanding the same, quantum theory revolutionised science and technology, influencing fields beyond physics. His paper led to the development of quantum mechanics as a definitive subject. This paradigm shift became the catalyst for a series of monumental developments, with pioneers like Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, and others expanding and refining quantum mechanics to shape the understanding of particles and their behaviour at the atomic and subatomic levels. 

The giant leap from Newtonian determinism to the probabilistic realm of quantum mechanics was pathbreaking primarily because Newton's laws were immensely successful in describing macroscopic phenomena, but they fell short when applied to the microscopic world. Planck's work laid the groundwork for a new understanding of particles' behaviour, acknowledging inherent uncertainties and probabilities in their states and movements. 

In the vast tapestry of scientific discovery, Max Planck stands as a luminary whose revolutionary insights into the quantum realm laid a robust foundation for transformative advancements in electronics, communications, and information technology. Planck's quantum mechanics became the cornerstone upon which subsequent generations of scientists built, propelling humanity into the digital age.

 The electronics landscape, intricately connected to the quantum world, underwent a metamorphosis thanks to the profound understanding derived from Planck's work. Riding on the shoulders of the scientific giants who advanced quanta, and mechanics, the realm of semiconductors emerged, culminating in the invention of the Nobel-winning semiconductor transistors and the ubiquitous Integrated Circuit (IC). This miniature marvel, a testament to human ingenuity helped solve the tyranny of numbers - vacuum tubes - that now form the backbone of modern electronic devices, from computers to smartphones. Enter the era of Silicon Valley, starting from the formation of the Shockley Semiconductors company, which helped the founding of Fairchild Semiconductors. Fairchild Semiconductor, and its famous ‘treacherous eight’ founders, proved to be the leaders in Silicon Valley and their company in turn birthed many other companies in Silicon Valley including Intel, which developed the microprocessor that heralded a new dawn in computing. The seamless and continuous integration of Planck's quantum principles with electronic engineering paved the way for faster, more powerful, and increasingly compact computational devices. The world witnessed an unprecedented leap in information technology, as processing speeds skyrocketed and computing power became accessible to the masses.

The marriage of information technology with the internet, itself a product of advanced communication technologies, has shaped the interconnected world we inhabit today. Fiber-optic communications, lasers, and emerging quantum computing owe their existence to the foundational concepts laid down by Planck. The intricate dance of electrons at the quantum level finds resonance in the swift transmission of data through optical fibres, enabling the seamless connectivity that defines our digital age.

As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, we owe a debt of gratitude to Max Planck. His intellectual courage and vision propelled us from the confines of classical physics into an era where quantum mechanics is not just a theoretical construct but a driving force behind our technological marvels. Planck's legacy, embodied in the tiny particles and packets of energy he unveiled, continues to resonate in every keystroke, every download, and every electronic pulse that shapes our modern world. December 14, 1900, therefore marks not just a date in history but a cosmic birth of ideas that have fuelled a technological revolution, and for that, we stand in eternal tribute to Max Planck, the architect of the quantum age.

In the context of India, the digital saga and IT have played a transformational role in benefitting its citizens. In the dynamic landscape of India's digital revolution, the impact of quantum mechanics is palpable, albeit indirectly. The foundational principles laid down by Max Planck and the subsequent development of quantum mechanics have played an instrumental role in shaping the digital infrastructure that underpins millions of financial transactions in the country. From computers to smartphones, which are inextricably linked to our daily lives, these devices rely on the principles of quantum mechanics to function efficiently.

 In the context of financial transactions, quantum-inspired advancements in information technology have become indispensable. The development of secure communication protocols, encryption algorithms, and data transmission methods draws inspiration from the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. Quantum cryptography, for instance, explores ways to enhance the security of digital transactions, ensuring that sensitive financial data remains safeguarded against potential threats.

 Moreover, the computational power derived from the principles of quantum mechanics has influenced the development of algorithms that optimize financial operations. Quantum computing, though in its infancy, holds the promise of revolutionizing complex calculations, risk assessments, and data analysis in the financial sector. As this technology matures, it could potentially streamline and enhance the efficiency of digital financial transactions on an unprecedented scale.

 India's ambitious journey towards a digital economy, often referred to as "Digital India," is intricately intertwined with the technological advancements inspired by quantum mechanics. The adoption of digital payment systems, mobile banking, and online financial platforms has surged, transforming the traditional landscape of financial transactions. Quantum mechanics, through its impact on information technology, has been an unsung hero in enabling the infrastructure that facilitates seamless, secure, and efficient digital financial interactions.

 In conclusion, the quantum revolution initiated by Max Planck in the early 20th century has left an indelible mark on India's digital transformation. The principles of quantum mechanics, manifested in the technological advancements of information science and quantum-inspired computing, have become integral to the fabric of Digital India. As millions engage in financial transactions through digital platforms, they unknowingly participate in a technological symphony shaped by the quantum world, a testament to the enduring and far-reaching impact of Max Planck's groundbreaking ideas.

Image: Courtesy  Wikipedia 

 

13 December, “The Tragedy of Commons”, & Panchatantra

 

It was on this day, 13 December, that ecologist Garret Hardin published an influential essay titled "The Tragedy of the Commons," in the journal “Science” in 1968. His essay explores the concept that shared resources, when open to everyone, are often overused and depleted. It highlights the dilemma of individual interests conflicting with the common good, leading to environmental degradation. Today, this concept remains relevant in addressing issues like overpopulation, resource depletion, and environmental sustainability. Lessons include the need for responsible resource management, regulatory measures, and global cooperation to avoid the tragic consequences of unchecked exploitation.

 Garrett James Hardin was an American ecologist and professor of human ecology, who was born on April 21, 1915. Hardin's background included academic achievements in the fields of biology and ecology. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in Zoology from the University of Chicago in 1936 and later earned a doctorate in microbiology from Stanford University in 1941. Throughout his career, he worked as a professor of biology and human ecology at various institutions, including the University of California, Santa Barbara.

 Hardin's work extended beyond the realm of biology, and he became known for his writings on ethics, ecology, and resource management. In his essay “Tragedy of the Commons”, Hardin advocated the idea that individuals, acting in their self-interest, could deplete shared resources, leading to a "tragedy" where everyone suffers due to the overexploitation of the commons. This he argued would lead to detrimental consequences for the entire community. He presented a compelling argument about the overuse of shared resources, using the metaphor of a common pasture that is open to all for grazing. Hardin's essay sparked significant debate and discussion in the fields of ecology, economics, and environmental science. It also created debate and discussions on population growth, environmental ethics, and the management of common-pool resources. While Hardin’s concept did face criticism and alternative viewpoints, it remains a key idea in discussions about sustainable resource management and the challenges of addressing collective action problems, particularly in countries like India. With a large population, resources such as water, land, and energy are under significant pressure. The tragedy of the commons underscores the importance of efficient and sustainable resource management to prevent overexploitation and depletion.

 Hardin passed away on September 14, 2003, leaving a lasting impact on ecological and ethical discourse through his contributions to the understanding of common-pool resource dynamics.

 Speaking on the subject of “The Tragedy of Commons” and its adverse impact on society, and its extraordinary significance in modern times, I am reminded of the importance of incorporating social science and moral values, particularly through teachings like those found in stories such as Panchatantra, to counteract the potential consequences of degradation and abuse of common assets in an increasingly selfish and materialistic world.

 Panchatantra, a collection of ancient Indian folktales and animal fables, is attributed to the illustrious Hindu Scholar, Vishnu Sharma. He is believed to have composed Panchatantra around 200 BCE to 300 CE, Panchatantra is a Sanskrit work that has transcended centuries, cultures, and borders. Its stories have been translated into numerous languages and continue to captivate readers worldwide.

 The Panchatantra consists of a series of interconnected fables, typically featuring animal characters. The stories are framed within a narrative structure where a wise teacher imparts valuable life lessons to young princes. Each tale imparts moral, ethical, and practical wisdom, often exploring themes such as diplomacy, governance, friendship, and ethical decision-making.

 The Panchatantra stories are rich in moral teachings. In today's world, where rapid population growth and increased demands strain shared resources, these stories offer timeless wisdom on responsible behaviour, ethical decision-making, and the consequences of selfish actions. Many Panchatantra tales emphasize the interconnectedness of all living beings and the environment. In the face of contemporary environmental challenges. exacerbated by a growing population, these stories can promote ecological awareness and sustainable living practices. The tales often feature kings and rulers facing complex challenges. In the context of modern governance and leadership, the Panchatantra provides insights into effective decision-making, diplomatic skills, and the importance of considering the well-being of the entire community.

 The Panchatantra reflects the cultural heritage of India. Preserving and promoting this ancient wisdom helps maintain a connection with cultural roots while offering practical insights for navigating the complexities of modern society. The adaptability of Panchatantra stories allows them to resonate with diverse audiences. Through various retellings, adaptations, and educational initiatives, these tales can address contemporary issues related to resource management, community harmony, and ethical conduct.

 In conclusion, the Panchatantra, with its enduring stories and moral lessons, provides a valuable resource for addressing the challenges posed by a growing population and the associated stresses on shared resources, leading to what Hardin called “The Tragedy of Commons”. By integrating its teachings into education and cultural awareness, societies can benefit from the timeless wisdom embedded in these ancient fables for the larger good of the society to which we all belong - Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.

Images : Courtesy Wikipedia 

 

Mahaparinirvan Divas: Tribute to Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar on his Death Anniversary

Today, 6 December, marks the death anniversary - Mahaparinirvan Divas - of the venerable Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, the Father of the Indian Constitution and a champion who advocated for the rights of the Dalits and marginalised in India. Millions of followers of Dr B R Ambedkar flock to the city of Mumbai at the Chaitya Bhoomi, the cremation place of Dr Ambedkar to pay their reverence to their iconic leader. His erudition and tireless efforts for the rights of his people and those of the marginalised section of Indian society have left an indelible mark on our nation, shaping the foundation for social justice and equality. 

 On this solemn occasion, it is time for us to reflect on his enduring legacy, acknowledging the pivotal role he played in crafting the constitutional framework that continues to guide our diverse and vibrant democracy. In remembrance, we honour his unwavering commitment to social justice and his profound impact on the collective conscience of our nation. 

 Ambedkar's journey from being a Dalit himself to becoming a key architect of the constitution is an inspiring narrative of resilience and determination. His academic brilliance and profound understanding of social issues enabled him to articulate the principles of justice, liberty, and fraternity that form the bedrock of our constitutional ethos. 

Beyond the constitutional realm, Ambedkar tirelessly advocated for the upliftment of the downtrodden, working to eradicate untouchability and promote education as a means of empowerment. His efforts paved the way for significant social reforms, challenging deeply entrenched prejudices and inequalities.

As we observe the anniversary of his passing, it is an opportune moment to reflect not only on his legislative contributions but also on the broader social transformation he envisioned. Dr. Ambedkar's teachings continue to inspire movements for equality and justice, reminding us of the ongoing struggle to build a society where every individual, regardless of caste or creed, can live with dignity and opportunity.

Images: Courtesy Wikipedia 

Here is a link to my blog, written on his birth anniversary, which chronicles the life and works of Dr BR Ambedkar. 

https://khened.blogspot.com/2023/04/tribute-to-dr-bhimrao-ramji-ambedkar.html

Birth Centenary Tribute to Late Shri M G Gore, the visionary founder of ADHAR

 

It was on this day a hundred years ago – 23 November 1923 – the visionary founder of ADHAR (Association of Parents of Mentally Retarded Children), Mumbai, the late Shri M G Gore, the man who dedicated his entire life to compassion and understanding, was born.

Today two units of ADHAR at Badlapur and Nashik that serve as a home away from home for 350 plus specially abled – Divyang – adults, who are provided lifetime shelter and caregiving, stand testimony to his visionary dream. As ADHAR begins celebrating the centenary of its visionary founder, a great noble and remarkable visionary, born a century ago, we witness that this trailblazer's legacy has been woven into the very fabric of benevolence. In a world often indifferent to the struggles of the mentally challenged, Mr. M G Gore stood as a beacon of empathy and understanding to the special needs adults and their parents and caregivers by envisioning establishing an institute that would take lifetime care, with love and empathy of special needs adults. The result was the establishment of ADHAR www.adhar.org at Badlapur in January 1994.

The journey of Mr. M G Gore and his dream of establishing ADHAR began after he retired from the Children's Aid Society, a reputed institution where he worked for more than three decades. The Children’s Aid Society was established as an outcome of the Bombay Children's Act which was passed in the year 1924. In November 1926, Sir Earnest Hotson, the then Home Member, Government of Bombay convened a conference of Social Workers, which led to the formation of the Children's Aid Society in March 1927. It was providential that Mr M G Gore, born around the time when the Bombay Children’s Act was passed, served this institution for three decades and it was here that he developed his profound commitment to serve the special needs people.

The genesis for a vision to founding an institution like ADHA begins with a news report that Mr. MG Gore read that disturbed him immensely and he had sleepless nights thinking about it. The report was of a mother to a special adult – mentally challenged 30 plus years – in the USA, who, it was reported, killed her son and shot herself in the head leaving behind a note which said she took this extreme step of taking the life her son and her own life to avoid a situation as to who would look after her mentally challenged adult son after her demise. Disturbed by this news, Mr. Gore thought about special needs adults and their parents in India and realised that there are no institutions that are committed to providing lifetime care and shelter for special needs adults in India. He inserted an expression of interest advertisement in the local newspaper and appealed to interested parents of special needs adults for a meeting to explore establishing an institute that would provide lifetime shelter for such adults.  Some 40 parents turned up for the meeting and from that humble beginning, around ten parents remained committed to the cause and vision of Mr. M G Gore, who registered ADHAR as an organisation under the title “Association of Parents of Mentally Retarded Adults in the early 1990s. Mr M G Gore, with the support of parents who believed in his leadership and his vision, managed to crowd-fund initial finances and ended up purchasing a plot of land away from Mumbai in Badlapur to establish ADHAR. It was in January 1994 that they admitted the first adult at ADHAR which was aimed at providing lifetime shelter to special needs adults – mentally challenged adults. Today as ADHAR begins the commemoration of the birth centenary of Mr M G Gore, this institution has grown in strength from that humble beginning and it now has two units – one at Badlapur, from where the story of ADHAR began, and another unit at Nashik - where 350 plus special adults are staying in an ambiance of a home away from home.   

ADHAR now stands testimony to the profound commitment of Mr. Gore and his early supporter parents, like Mr. Chandavarkar ji, one of the Trustees of ADHAR, who is now 95. One of the sons of Mr. Chandavarkar has been residing at ADHAR Badlapur since its foundation and Mr. Chandavarkar ji will be sharing his reminiscence of working with the visionary Mr M G Gore at the birth centenary commemoration program, that is organised at ADHAR Badlapur today.

 Within the walls of the ADHAR, where special needs adults stay, one can hear the echo of laughter and the warmth of care for these special needs adults. Mr Gores visionary's journey was marked by a profound understanding that extended beyond conventional bounds. With each passing year, the shelter that he crafted has evolved into a testament of love, patience, and resilience. ADHAR is now a haven where the uniqueness of each individual is not just acknowledged but celebrated as well. As we commemorate the centenary of this compassionate soul, let us reflect on the enduring impact of his selfless endeavor. In the gentle embrace of the shelter he founded, countless lives have found solace, purpose, and a sense of belonging. The echoes of his legacy continue to reverberate at ADHAR, reminding us of the boundless capacity for kindness that resides within the human spirit.

Today, we honour not only the birth centenary of Mr. M G Gore but a century of unwavering dedication to a cause greater than oneself, it is so heartening to note that Mr. Vishwas Gore, the able son of Mr. M G Gore, who was a professional Chartered Accountant, left his thriving practice to mantle the leadership of ADHAR post the demise of his legendary father.

May the vision of this extraordinary individual, Mr M G Gore, inspire generations to come, encouraging us all to extend a helping hand to those in need and to build a world where compassion knows no bounds.

Today as we celebrate the birth centenary of Mr M G Gore, it is ironic that even with so many legislations and other bodies that profess to be the guardians of Human Rights, it is unfortunate that a harsh terrain of societal indifference continues to exist and more so for the mentally challenged adults, who often find themselves navigating a landscape devoid of understanding and compassion. In a world that often measures worth by conventional standards, these individuals face the subtle cruelty of being marginalized and overlooked. For parents tasked with the care of these special adults, the journey is a relentless odyssey marked by both love and torment. The weight of societal stigmas compounds the challenges, leaving parents grappling not only with the practicalities of daily care but also with the emotional toll of navigating a world that seldom comprehends the unique needs of their loved ones and constantly worrying about what will happen to their child once they pass away. The visionary we commemorate today recognized this poignant struggle. His creation of a lifetime shelter was a profound response to a world that often turned a blind eye to the silent struggles of these individuals and their families.

May the yearlong centenary programs, which have been planned by ADHAR to commemorate the birth centenary of Mr. MG Gore, help create awareness and spark a collective endeavor to foster a society that embraces the diversity of human experience and extends a compassionate hand to those who need it most.

Long live the legacy and dream of Mr M G Gore.

Ganesh Festival : A Religious Socio - Cultural Public Festival with rich history.

Wish you all a very happy Ganesh Chaturthi. May Bhagwan Ganesh remove all obstacles. 

The ten-day Ganesh Festival in Mumbai is the most important festival which is celebrated by the devotees of Lord Ganesh – cutting across religion, language, region, caste, creed, etc. -, the god of wisdom and good fortune, to mark “his birth” during the Chaturthi of Shukla Paksha of Bhadrapada month. This year, the Ganesh Chaturthi in Mumbai will be celebrated today 19 September. This 10-day mega festival will end with the Visarjan – immersion - on the tenth day, Anant Chaturdashi, Friday, September 28. Ganesh is known by several names and his birth on this day is also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi and is celebrated with much enthusiasm and religious fervour across Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, and Kerala, among other states.

The festival's origins can be traced back to the Maratha Empire in the 17th century, when the great Maratha King Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, a revered figure across India more particularly in the state of Maharashtra, initiated public Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations to promote unity and nationalism among his subjects. The festival took on a more organized and public character in the 19th century during the British colonial era.

This year’s Ganesh Festival has a special significance since it happens to mark the 350th anniversary of the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, who is known for his exemplary valour. Incidentally, ‘Wagh Nakh’ - an iron weapon shaped like tiger claws - a legendary weapon which was used by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj  for killing the Bijapur Sultanate’s General, Afghan Khan,  in 1659 was in the news all over Maharashtra. This weapon which was in the possession of Victoria and Albert Museum, London will return to India in November this year.

To mark this special occasion, the Lalbaugcha Raja, Ganesh Pandal, one of the most famous Ganesh Pandals, has created a special setting where the lord Ganesha will be seen seated on a specially designed throne, which resembles the decorated throne of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj at the Raigarh fort. The design of the Ganesh Pandal with the Raigarh Fort in the background at the Lalbaugcha Raja Pandal was created by stage designer late Nitin Desai, who unfortunately passed away recently. Nitin Desai has been associated with the design of the Lalbaugcha Raja pandal since 2008. Two other Pandals – Mumbaicha Raja and Andhericha Raja – are also using the theme of 350 years of the coronation of Shivaji Maharaj and are decorating their pandal with the Raigad Fort as their main theme.

 

The Ganesh Festival has a rich history and holds significant importance not only as a religious celebration but also for its extraordinary role in the Indian freedom struggle. The Sarvajanik Ganesh festivals have played their role in the freedom movement by uniting all sections of the Hindu society to gather under one platform as devotees of Lord Ganesh and to seek his blessings for a free India. The Genesis for the celebration of the Ganesh Festival in public goes back to the nineteenth century – 1893 to be precise.

The first battle of Indian independence fought in 1857 - dubbed the Sepoy Mutiny by the British - had given an impetus for the freedom movement in India. After a communal flare-up between the Hindus and Muslims in 1870 and the fear that it could adversely affect their governance, the British Government, in the year 1892, imposed a ban on any gathering of native Indians, more than 20 in number. This made it difficult for the nationalist leaders and reformers to create awareness and awakening of public for 

freedom and for creating socio-political awareness among the masses. The ban, however, allowed only public gatherings in the form of Namaj or Muharram processions by the Muslim community, who are known for offering their prayers in public. The British were clever not to hurt the religious sentiments of the Muslims and in a way also create a division between Hindus and Muslims. They were at their worst when it came to dividing the Indians on religious lines, the deep fissures which they created between the two communities- Hindus and Muslims - in undivided India, ultimately led to the bloody partition in which millions were displaced and hundreds of thousands of people were killed and that bloody divide continues even today aided and abetted by vested interest people. 

Realising how adversely the 1892 ban was impacting the public gathering and how impartial the ban was towards the Hindus, Bal Gangadhar Tilak conceived an innovative idea to bring Lord Ganesh out of individual homes and onto the public space. Moreover, Tilak needed a platform where he could bring together all Hindus, who were divided on caste lines - this division was aided, abetted and encouraged by the British who believed in the policy of divide and rule.

Tilak was aware that Lord Ganesh was a God of the masses in Pune and Maharashtra and that Lord Ganesh was worshipped by all sections of the Hindu community. The city of Pune, from where the movement for the Sarvajanik Ganesh festival started, was ruled by the Peshwas who served as the Prime Ministers to the Maratha kings.  Peshwas worshipped Ganesh as their kul devta - God of the family. Therefore, it is no wonder that Poona is surrounded by the Eight Temples of Ganesh - Astha Vinayak. Incidentally even today the Ashtavinayak Yatra or pilgrimage covers the eight ancient holy temples of Ganesh, which are situated around Pune. Each of these temple has its own individual legend and history that is distinct from the other.

The history of the annual worshipping of Ganesh - by consecrating the statue of lord Ganesh and offering Pooja in individual houses -  dates back to as early as 16 Century in Maharashtra. However, in early days the Ganesh Festival was mostly observed in the aristocratic individual households of the Peshwas - the Prime Ministers in the Maratha regime, who were also responsible for making Ganesh the God of the masses. In 1892, the year when the British imposed a ban on public gatherings, Bal Gangadhar Tilak wanted to defy this order but lawfully. He knew how intricately Lord Ganesh was connected with the people of the region. Taking advantage of the British allowing the gathering of Muslims for their prayers, Tilak conceived of an idea to bring Lord Ganesh out of the individual royal households and onto the public space to channelize, unite, and ignite a divided Hindu society for a larger national sentiment against the oppressive British rule. 

Incidentally, this movement also helped lord Ganesh to become Lord Ganapati, the God of the masses. Bal Gangadhar Tilak had commissioned two newspapers, Kesari, in Marathi and Mahratta in English, which were published from Kesari Wada, Pune. Tilak used the loophole in the 1892 ban imposed by the British, which exempted the Muslims from their Friday prayers, to appeal to his readers to start the Sarvajanik Ganesh Festival. He was sure that this being a religious festival the British would be afraid to ban it. More so since the British had permitted the Friday prayers for the Muslims. Tilak used his Kesari Marathi paper to drive home this message among the Hindu community and he appealed to the people to organise community Ganesh Festival.

This was a well-thought-out strategy. Tilak knew how religious the Indian society was. He was therefore sure that the British, who were successfully managing to crush the freedom movement - particularly gathering of large number of people on the streets with that inhuman and barbaric force that is associated with the colonial rule in India - would not succeed in disrupting a religious gathering of people. He knew that the call for the Sarvajanik Ganesh Festival would serve two purposes, first, it would unite the divided Hindu community under a single platform and second, the platform could be used to strengthen the freedom movement by creating a sense of cultural unity among the people. The Ganesh festival provided the much-needed impetus for the freedom struggle and ever since the Ganesh Festival has come on to the public space in Mumbai and Maharashtra and has also spread across different cities and towns in India. The Ganesh Festival, particularly in Mumbai, connects people of all faiths and is considered more of a cultural worship space. One can witness this across different sections of society in Mumbai, which I have been privy to for several years.

The first Public Ganesh Mandal - Keshavji Naik Chawl Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav Mandal at Girgaum - in Bombay, as it was known then, was commissioned in 1893, and ever since the Ganeshotsav Mandal in Girgaum has been celebrating this auspicious Ganesh festival in the same traditional way each year. The statues of Lord Ganesh, the elephant god - there are several mythological stories associated with the birth of Ganesha, the son of Bhagwan Shiva and Goddess Parvati and his appearance - come in varying sizes and in different shapes and styles, which depend on where the lord is commissioned for worship. The Girgaum Ganesh pandal does not use loudspeakers, expensive lights, or any of the modern-day style pooja traditions, which are observed in most of the Ganesh Pooja pandals across Mumbai and other cities in the country. The Keshavji Naik Chawl Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav Mandal in Girgaum has continued the simplistic tradition of the Ganesh Pooja tradition for over a century now.  However, there are other public Ganesh Pandals, across the city including the famous Lalbaug ka Raja and so also in various other cities in India - Pune, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, etc.- which celebrate the Ganesh Pooja and the festival with modern-day fanfare with DJs and lights, sound and crackers and what have you.

Post-independence, the festival has undergone a change and during these 10 days of celebration, the economic activity gets accentuated leading to increased employment, income, and production of a variety of goods and services. In that sense, the Ganesh Utsav has become a ‘cultural product’ of the city, which has great economic and market value. Today, the Sarvajanik Ganesh Utsav is the most celebrated festivals of Mumbai. One of the primary reason for the success of the auspicious Ganesh Festival in Mumbai is the Mumbaikars - the rich and mighty, the powerful and powerless, the poor and the insignificant, the lettered and unlettered, sheltered and unsheltered, the males, females and the transgender, the believers and non-believers, Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, the religious and non-religious, young, middle-aged, old and the very old. That undying spirit of unity in diversity in India is exemplified during this festival in Mumbai.

The economic impact of the Ganesh Festival is also seen in the opportunities for employment and income generation that this festival offers for the Mumbaikars around the ten days of the festival. This festival creates demand for the music industry - in terms of the composition and production of devotional music albums. It creates market opportunities for Gold, silver, and gems & jewelry - both for the purpose of offerings to Lord Ganesh as well as for personal use. The flower and decoration markets will experience a much larger turnover during these ten days. The sales from the food industry – primarily sweets -will increase many more times than regular. The city enjoys a higher number of offers for sale and discounts from the real estate sector and financial sector. 

Whether a sombre pooja or an ostentatious collective celebration, one thing remains central to the Ganesh Festival, which every Mumbaikar and Maharashtrian celebrates - the festival is celebrated with Shradha and Bhakti. This in essence is the very spirit of India - the socio, cultural, religious and spiritual land that is home to most religions of the world. The administration and all other stakeholders, including the public, who ensure that this extraordinary 10-day Ganesh Festival passes off peacefully with the immersions of the Ganesh murtis and the festival becomes a grand success time after time and festival after festival, must be saluted for their efforts to make this grand festival successful.

The Ganesh Festival has a special significance for our family. It was on the Ganesh Chaturthi day in 1958 that my elder brother Dr Sharanabasava was born and ever since our family has been celebrating the Ganesh Festival bringing home Lord Ganesh and offering Pooja to the God.

May Ganapati Bappa bless us all and may he guide this nation to ever-increasing heights with peace and prosperity and may the people living at the bottom of the pyramid and all other disadvantaged sections of the society be blessed to lead a happy life, devoid of obstacles.

Ganapati Bappa Morya.